and Roscommon. The escheated lands, both temporal and Church lands, which were all brought into "hotchpot," were to be divided into lots of 2000, 1500, and 1000 acres each, and to be granted, at a reserved quitrent of 1 d., 2d., and 24d. per acre, in fee partly to English and Scotch undertakers, partly to English "servitors"—that is, those who had held civil or military appointments during the war-and partly to the native. Irish. Reservations were made for the Crown, for the bishoprics, for the building of free schools, and the erection of forts and corporate towns. The country was mapped out into parishes; and portions of glebe were allotted in each for the support of the parochial clergy. Every undertaker of the larger lots was bound in a bond of £400 within four years to build a castle or mansion-house and a bawn, and within five years to plant on his estate four fee-farmers each on 120 acres, six leaseholders each on 100 acres, and eight families of skilled workmen and labourers. Every undertaker of the smaller lots was under similar and proportionate obligations. No land was to be sub-let for less than twenty-one years, nor was it to be alienated for five years to come to any one but the tenants themselves. All tenants were to build houses and keep good store of arms. The houses were to be built in groups so as to form towns and villages, and not to be isolated and scattered. All the grantees and their tenants were to take the Oath of Supremacy. None of the undertakers were to be permitted to take the natives as tenants. Only the scrvitors and the Church were permitted in their own dis

cretion to let a farm to an Irishman. The corporation of London and the twelve city guilds agreed to take up the whole county of Coleraine, upon the terms that they would maintain the forts of Culmore, Coleraine, and Derry. In aid of their undertaking, the king created the order of baronets who bear on their coat the bloody hand of Ulster with which the shield of the O'Neils was charged, and each recipient of the patent was bound to pay into the exchequer three years' pay of a soldier for service in Ulster.

As a most necessary preliminary, an accurate survey of the whole of the confiscated country was made, the surveyors taking their measurements under the protection of mounted troopers; and the commissioners, supported by the military, collecting evidence, by the help of grand juries in each county, of what land was temporal and what was ecclesiastical property. A proclamation was then issued, stating what land was assigned to the undertakers, to the servitors, and to the natives. respectively. The natives fetched down Dublin lawyers. to argue that they had estates of inheritance which would not be forfeited on the attainder of their desmesne lords, and to plead the king's public proclamation, given five years before on the flight of the earls, that all the inhabitants should be secured in their possessions, and that he had specially taken them under his protection. It need hardly be said that that legal sycophant Sir John Davis was equal to the occasion, and that his sophistries and ingenious quibbles soon put the presuming Dublin lawyers to silence.

Slowly and sullenly the Irish gentry removed themselves and their belongings into the contracted locations to which they had been appointed, away from the "fat lands" to the "lean lands," from the rich pasture to the barren moor. Slowly and sullenly the mass of the people followed them, thrust out of their homes, to find new refuges wherein to lay their heads; some amongst the servitors, some in the "lean lands," some transplanted in gangs at the command of the Government into waste land which no one wanted in Munster and in Connaught. Exiled to make room for the planters, evicted, though promised security, they wandered forth, bearing in their hearts a store of bitter hatred for the invaders who had broken faith with them; and yearning for the vengeance, which they were to snatch in 1641.

The whole of the six counties which were confiscated contained about 2,835,837 Irish, or according to modern surveys in English measure, 3,785,057 acres. Of this four-fifths were barren or "lean" land, and 511,465 Irish acres were valuable or "fat" land. The bulk of the Irish were cleared from the fat land into the lean land; and the 511,465 acres were partly reserved for public purposes, and partly divided amongst 50 English and 59 Scotch undertakers, 60 servitors, 286 natives "of good merit," and the London companies. The 286 natives obtained only about one-tenth of the whole. The following table will show the way in which the land was apportioned:

The object of James was to introduce a thoroughly Protestant and anti-Irish element, which should dominate the Roman Catholics and natives. The success of the plantation became apparent in a few years, when commissioners were sent down to inspect the progress which was being made. The English and Scotch gentry who had taken up the land, were bona fide occupying it with their wives and families. The Londoners had fortified Derry-London Derry, as thenceforward it was called— with ramparts twelve feet thick, drawbridges, and battlemented gates. Fair castles, handsome mansions, and substantial farm-buildings were springing up in every part of the country; "fulling mills" and "corn mills" were utilizing the ample water-power; windmills were spinning on the rising ground; lime kilns were smoking, in preparation for more extensive building operations. There were smiling gardens and orchards and fields in "good tillage after the English manner." Market towns

*For a list of the undertakers and servitors see Appendix III.

and villages were rising, with paved streets and wellbuilt houses and churches; schools and bridges were in course of construction.

Nevertheless, the complete scheme was never carried out in its entirety; nor was it possible that it should be so. If all the natives had been removed to a man the planters would have had no labourers. Though numbers of Scotch and English hands were introduced, the full complement was far from made up, and the temptation was considerable to keep on the Irish, who were ready at hand, and willing, to become hewers of wood and drawers of water. The necessity of this was admitted by the Government; and the king's warrants for the removal of the natives were from time to time suspended to meet the difficulty. The consequence was that, contrary to the terms of the planters' grants, many Irish were taken as tenants; the planters even offering to pay double quit-rent to the Crown if permitted to employ native labour; and the natives outbidding the strangers by promises to pay higher rent to the landowners. The planters in many cases violated their agreements with the Crown in another way. They refused or neglected to give definite leases of twentyone years to their English and Scotch tenants; and many of these, who had been induced on promise of a lease to take farms and expend money thereon, retired in disgust into England, and sold their interest in the holdings, and the value of the capital they had sunk in the land, to the natives, who were only too ready to get back on to the soil at any price and at any risk.