QUOTATIONS, value of apt, 126.
RATIOCINATION. See Syllogism.
Reductio ad absurdum, 192.
Redundancy, no fault in composi-
tion assumes more various forms
than, 115; accumulation of adjec-
tives a common form of, 118.
Refutation, 233-236. See Argumenta-
tive Composition.
Relative pronouns, who, whom, whose,
incorrectly used for one another,
43, 44; incorrectly used to refer to
impersonal objects, 44; which incor-
rectly used with clause as antece-
dent, 44; and which, 44; importance
of the presence or absence of defi-
nite article or demonstrative pro-
noun before antecedents of, 105.
Repetition, value and methods of skil-
ful, 110-112; unskilful, 112.
Reputation, desirable for speaker, 242;
in point of character, 242; for
something else than eloquence, 242-
Rhetoric, Grammar the basis of, 1;
when it overrules Grammar, 61, 62;
in what it differs from Inductive
Logic, 190.
SENSATIONAL, defined, 103.
Sentences, balanced, advantages and
disadvantages of, 132; construction
of, should not be changed without
cause, 137; introduction of a new
word, even in order to avoid rep-
etition, may produce inelegance,
138; dependent and independent
clauses should be kept apart, 139;
proper position of parenthetical ex-
pressions, 140; proper position of
principal words, 141, 142; real sub-
ject may not be grammatical subject,
143-145; difference between poetical
and prose order, 145, 146; Latin or
German order, imitation of, 146, 147;
theories of Bentham and Spencer
concerning, 147, 148; that arrange-
ment which conduces most to clear-
ness the best, 151; periodic and
loose, comparative value of, 152-154;
labyrinthine, argument against, by
De Quincey, 154; asthmatic, argu-
ment against, by Coleridge, 155;
long or short, 155; how to end,
156; Blair's rules for preserving the
unity of, 159, 160.
Sentimental, defined, 103.
Sign, arguments from, nature of, 197-
199; vary in force, 199; argument
from Testimony a form of, 200,
201; differences among witnesses,
201; matters of fact and matters of
opinion, 201-203; testimony of ex-
perts, 203; unwilling and undesigned
testimony, 203, 204; force of allu-
sions to historical facts, 204; argu-
ment from Silence a form of, 205;
force of concurrent testimony, 205,
206; preponderance of probabilities,
206; argument from Authority to
be distinguished from, 207, 208;
argument from a continuously pro-
gressive tendency, 208; strength-
ened by arguments from Antecedent
Probability, 209.
Simile, the, position of, Herbert Spen-
cer's theory concerning, 148; argu-
ment on the other side, 148-151.
See Metaphor.
Singular. See Nouns; Pronouns.
Slang, examples of, 28; poverty of
language the source of much, 64.
Solecisms, defined, 19; special reason
for pointing out, 31, 32.
Sophistry, in what it consists,
ridge, 71.
Sound, that suggests sense, 99.
Specific terms. See Terms.
Spelling, foreign fashions in, 25.
Style, what is meant by a suggestive,
its value, and upon what its success
depends, 125, 127; Swift's definition
of a good, 163; Locke's rules for a
good, 163; Spencer's theory of, 163;
insufficiency of his theory, 164;
principle which underlies all rhetor-
ical rules of, Unity with Variety,
remarks of Newman, Spencer,
Emerson, 164-166.
Suggestive Style. See Style.
Syllogism, definition of, 190; essen-
tials of a legitimate, 190; various
forms of, 191.
Synecdoche and Metonymy, what they
are, 87, 88; in what their force con-
sists, 88.
Synonymes, tendency of, to disap-
pear, 77.
TAUTOLOGY, crudest form of repeti-
tion, 113-115; tautologous expres-
sions classed among Improprieties,
Tense of dependent verb determined
by its relation to verb on which it
depends, 38, 39; exception to this
rule in case of general proposition
into which notion of time does not
enter, 39: distinction between the
use of shall and will, 39, 40; extract
from Sir E. W. Head's work on
"Shall and Will," 40-42.
Terms, general, 68; office of, 84. See
Fine Writing.
Testimony. See Sign.
Transition, the art of, 157, 158.
Tropes, defined, 87; value and uses
of, 98.
UNITY of composition, importance of,
158, 186; Blair's rules for preserving
in sentence, 159, 160; how to ac-
quire, 161; conjoined with variety,
164-166; the ideal, 166; leading
thought source of, in sentence, 183.
Use, good, defined, 5, 6; reputable, 6;
national, 7, 8; present, 8; bounda-
ries of present, 9, 10; grammarians
and lexicographers governed by,
10; its decision supreme, 16-18.
VARIETY, aid to brevity, 126. See
Unity.
Verbs, should be singular when sub-
ject though plural in form is singu-
lar in sense, and vice versa, 34, 35.
Verbosity, in what it differs from
Tautology and Redundancy, 120;
varieties of, 120-125.
Vocabulary, value of an ample, 63;
how to enlarge one, 64.
Vulgarisms, instances of, 24, 25, 31;
extract from Mill's "Logic" con-
cerning, 55-58.
WHICH. See Relative Pronouns.
Who. See Relative Pronouns.
Will, the, how to influence, 237.
Witnesses. See Sign.
Words, of foreign origin, 21; obsta-
cles to their introduction, 22; ex-
cessive use of, 22, 23; formation of
new, great latitude allowed in, 24;
what conditions should be fulfilled,
25; to be left to the poets and great
prose writers, 30; of low origin, 28;
the meanings given them should be
the meanings assigned by good
usage, 50; errors in the use of,
arising from similarity of sound,
50-52; errors arising from similarity
in sense, 52-54; errors arising from
similarity in both sound and sense,
54; Gallicisms and Latinisms, use
of, 55; quotations from eminent
authors to illustrate errors in the
use of, 55-60; choice of, 63-103; the
more specific they are the less likely
to be bookish, 83; office of general
terms, 84; use of, in both a literal
and a figurative sense, 94, 95; fault
of using too few, 104; fault of using
too many, 109; the ideal arrange-
ment of, 129; use of, in inventories,
169; in descriptions, 170.
Adjectival expressions, how punctu-
ated, 261.
Adverbial expressions, how punctu-
ated, 261.
Adverbs, how punctuated when used
as conjunctions, 262.
Also, examples of, how punctuated,
268, 270, 271, 278.
And, when to be preceded by punctua-
tion marks and when not, 257-259,
268.
Apostrophe, use of, 276.
Apposition, words or phrases in, how
punctuated, 260.
Authorities. See References.
BRACKETS, use of, 264.
But, when to be preceded by punctua-
tion marks, and when not, 257-259,
268.
CAPITAL LETTERS, at beginning of
sentence or line of poetry, 279;
at beginning of quotations, 279; in
proper names, 279, 280; in titles,
prefaces, &c., 280; at beginning of
separately numbered clauses, 280;
O and oh, 281; in letters, 281, 282.
Citations of authorities, 277.
Colon, use of, to indicate an ellipsis,
266; between two ir dependent clau-
ses, 268; to connect successive short
sentences, 270; in compound sen-
tences, 271; before formal state-
ments and quotations, 272.
Comma, use of, with words in a se-
ries, 257-259; between words or
phrases in apposition, 260; with
vocative words or expressions, 261;
with adverbs, adverbial, participial,
adjectival, and absolute expressions,
261, 262; with relative clauses, 263;
with parenthetic expressions, 264,
265; with elliptical sentences, 266;
between two clauses, one of which
depends on the other, 267; between
two independent clauses, 268; before
quotations, 272; with figures, 274;
to distinguish component parts of
sentences, 277.
Compound words, 275.
Conjunctions, how punctuated in a
series 257-259.
Correspondence. See Letters.
DASH, use of, 273; alone or combined
with comma between words
phrases in apposition, 260; with
parenthetic expressions, 264; com-
bined with comma to indicate an
ellipsis, 266; combined with colon
or comma before quotations, 272.
Dates, how punctuated, 274, 276, 281,
282.
Dependent clauses, how punctuated,
267; effect of position of depend-
ent with reference to independent
clause, 267; dependent clauses in
a series, how punctuated, 269.
Derivative words, 275.
ELISION, how indicated, 276.
Ellipsis, how indicated, 266.
Emphasis, how attained by punctua-
tion, 273, 280.
Exclamation point, use of, 274.
Expressions in a series. See Series.
Eye, punctuation in service of, 277;
reason for omission of stops, 250;
for insertion of stops, 277.
FIGURES, how punctuated, 274.
For, what punctuation should precede,
Formal statements, how punctuated,
PARENTHESIS, use of, 234.
Parenthetic expressions, how punctu-
ated, 264, 255; principle which re-
quires them to be set off from rest
of sentence may sometimes be vio-
lated to advantage, 265.
Participial expressions, how punctu-
ated, 261.
Pauses, not correspondent to punctua-
tion, 250.
Period, use of, at end of every com-
plete sentence, 274; after abbrevia-
tions, headings, and sub-headings,
274; with Roman numerals, 277.
Plurals, formation of certain, by aid of
apostrophe, 276.
Possessive case, how indicated, 276;
substitute for, 276.
Proper names, to begin with capitals,
Punctuation, the guides to correct,
249; varies with thought and ex-
pression, 249; purpose of, 249, 250;
spoken and written discourse not
governed by same rules, 250; ab-
surdity of some of the old rules,
250, 251; points used, and general
remarks concerning their use, 251:
examples giving general idea of
principal uses of the several points.
with remarks on each example, 252-
257; in the service of the eye, 277,
278.
QUOTATION MARKS, use of, 275.
Quotations, how punctuated, 272, 275;
should begin with a capital, 279.
REFERENCES to authorities, how punc-
tuated, 273, 275, 277.
Relative clauses, how punctuated, 263.
Rhetorical emphasis. See Emphasis.
SEMICOLON, use of, between two inde-
pendent clauses, 268; between de-
pendent expressions in a series,
269; to connect successive short sen-
tences, 270; in compound sentences,
271.
Sentences, a succession of short, how
punctuated, 270; compound, how
punctuated, 271; how to begin, 279;
how to end, 274.
Series, words or expressions in a, how
punctuated, 257-259; dependent ex-
pressions in a, how punctuated, 269.
Sir, when to begin with small letter,
and when with capital, 280, 281;
examples, 250, 261, 281.
TASTE, a guide to punctuation, 249,
251.
Texts of Scripture, how punctuated,
278.
That is, ellipsis of, 266.
Then, how punctuated, 262.
Tickets, fifty cents, how punctuated,
Titles of books, how punctuated, 275;
to be written in capitals, 280; how
separated from subject-matter, 273.
Too, how punctuated, 262; at end of
sentence, 262.
VOCATIVE WORDS or expressions,
how punctuated, 261.
WORDS in apposition. See Apposition.
Words in a series. See Series.
YET, when to be preceded by punctu-
ation marks, and when not, 257-259,
268.
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