and classification, such as is to be found in the annexed tables, is not only extremely useful, but almost necessary to writers and orators of any age, is equally true. Sceptics would do well to verify by experiments for themselves the truth of this assertion, and should they feel disgust at an exposition of the tricks and artifices of rhetoric, should recollect that it is only by noting and exposing them that we can prevent their having the undue influence that they still often have whether used consciously or unconsciously, in parliament or the pulpit, by the practised pleader or the untutored demagogue. KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, J. E. NIXON. The following are the chief extant Latin works on Rhetoric: Cornificius, Probable Date! B.C. 100-87. In 4 Books, (i) on genera and status causarum generally (see Table on Intellectio, and on the five divisions of Inventio); (ii) on the genus juridiciale and its sub-divisions (Table Intellectio), with especial reference to Inventio (see Table); (iii) on causae deliberativae et demonstrativae, with discussions on voice, delivery, action, memory, &c. (see 1st Table); (iv) on rhetorical figures, with illustrations (see Table on Elocutio). Cicero, Rheto- B.C. 87-84. A curious reproduction (often verbatim) of Cor nificius, with additions. Book 1. contains Exposito genere hujus artis et officio et fine et materia et partibus, genera controversiarum et inventiones, et constitutiones, deinde partes orationis. Book II. Certos confirmandi et reprehendendi locos, (and esp. the topics classed under status in Intellectio). Book 1. On the art of Oratory generally. Dialogue between Crassus and Antonius. Book II. Rules as to status causarum, §§ 99 sq. (the subjects of Table Intellectio); some rules of Dialectics, §§ 157 sq.; loci insiti et assumpti, §§ 163-174; Tractatio, §§ 177 sqq., and a discursus on genera facetiarum, §§ 240-288; Collocatio, 307=Dispositio and Inventio; Memoria, § 350. Book III. Preface on characteristics of great orators, §§ 25-36; on the rules of pure Latinity, clearness of expression and arrangement, §§ 38-50; connexion of Oratory with Philosophy, §§ 56-81; various beauties and ornaments of Oratory §§ 96-170 [viz. (a) color et succus, §§ 96-103; (B) amplificatio, §§ 104-108; (7) treatment of subjects secundum genera et status, §§ 109120; (d) Ornatus ex verbis (see Table, Elocutio, B), §§ 149-156; (e) Ornatus ex metaphoris, &c., §§ 157-170]; Collocatio modus et forma, §§ 171-184 (see Table, Elocutio, C), and Numerus, §§ 184 sqq.; Habitus et color orationis, §§ 199-201; Figurae verborum et sententiarum, §§ 202-208; Actio et vox, §§ 213-227. Cf. Table 1. Summary by way of preface, of progress of career. A rhetorical catechism for his son, embracing the main subjects of all the four tables annexed. The ideal orator sketched. The three Styles, and New Attic, §§ 20-32, with excursus (§§ 36-42) on the Epideictic Style. A general summary of Inventio, Collocatio, Elocutio, Actio, &c., §§ 43-60. (Cf. Table 1.) An excursus on the relation of Oratory to History, Philosophy, Poetry, §§ 61-68. Further definition of the three Styles (§§ 75-99), with instances, §§ 100-112. Knowledge of Dialecties, Ethics, Physics, Jurisprudence, and History required, §§ 113-120. Summary of the art of Rhetoric next to be acquired; genera and status, &c., §§ 121-2 (cf. Intellectio); Inventio and Dispositio, §§ 123-133 (Table III.). Rhetorical figures of Elocutio, SS 134-9; Compositio and Collocatio (see Table v.), §§ 149-164; Concinnitas, §§ 164— 7; Numerus, 168-236. Preface to a translation of Aeschines and Demosthenes de Corona, mainly on the characteristics of a true Attic style. A technical discussion on the topics of Inventio. Loci insiti, §§ 8--71; loci assumpti, §§ 72-8 (see Intellectio); quaestionum genera, and the three status, with their appropriate loci, §§ 79-90; tria genera causarum, § 91, but mainly the judicial, with some argumenta for its parts. (Cf. throughout, Table Intellectio.) Oratorum et rhetorum sententiae divisiones colores. Declamations and Rhetorical theses, with hints and examples for treating same. Tacitus (?), de claris Oratoribus. Pliny's Quintilian, Probable Date After 76 A.D. A dialogue on the merits of Oratory, and the comparative excellence of the ancient and more modern Schools, with causes of change and decay in the art. A.D. 62-110. Epp. 1. 5, 16, 18, 20; II. 3, 5, 11, 18, 19; III. 9, 13, 18; Iv. 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 16, 27, 29 v. 9, 12, 17; vi. 2, 15, 17, 23, 29, 31, 33; VII. 6, 12, 17, 25, 30, 33; VIII. 14, 21; Ix. 13, 23, 26. A.D. 42—118. Bk. 1. Necessary education of orator, including Bk. III. Rhetoric, with its quinque partes, tria Bk. IV. VI. The divisions and topics of Inventio. (Cf. Table.) Bk. VII. De dispositione, but mainly on the status, &c. mentioned in Table Intellectio. Bks. VIII., IX. Elocutio, elegantia (ornatus and figurae) and de Compositione, iv. See Table, Elocutio, C. Bk. x. General advice as to qui Graecorum legendi, qui Romanorum; quomodo scribendum. Bk. XI. De apte dicendo; de memoria; de pro nunciatione. Bk. XII. On the sciences, &c., necessary for the ideal orator; on Style, esp. Asiatic and Attic. Cf. Cic. Orator, and table of genera dicendi. Rhetores La- A.D. 1-500. Rutilius Lupus, Julius Victor, Martianus Catini Minores. pella (Lib. v.), &c. (Halm, Leipz. 1863.) Besides Aristotle's Rhetoric and the works of Greek Rhetoricians to be found in Spengel's Rhetores Graeci (3 vols., Teubner), the following books should be consulted-Meier's Fragmenta oratorum Romanorum, Halm's Rhetores Latini minores, Ernesti's Lexicon Rhetoricum (both Latin and Greek), Volkmann's Rhetorik der Griechen und Römer, Campbell's Philosophy of Rhetoric, Blair's Lectures, Whately's Rhetoric, Bain's English Composition and Rhetoric, Goodrich's British Eloquence, Lord Brougham's Oratorical dissertations on the eloquence of the Ancients, &c.; and the recent works of Blass and Jebb on Greek Orators. II. The following short summary may be useful as a preface to the use of the Rhetorical tables, which, for convenience of reference, are placed at the end. (i) Questions such as have to be handled in Oratory, whether that be the Oratory (1) of the deliberative assembly, (2) of the philosophic schools, (3) or of the law-courts, must be either abstract general questions of theory or policy (i.e. infinitae), or concrete particular cases concerning definite times, persons, and places, i. e. finitae. These questions again may be distinguished according as they are discussed on their own intrinsic merits and peculiarities (genus rationale), or with reference to some extrinsic matter, e. g. the letter of the law (genus legale). The ground, basis, or line (i.e. status) of a quaestio will vary; it may be (1) a question of fact, (2) a question of name or definition of any act, &c., (3) a question of the character, &c. of any act. The topics (loci) to be chosen will accordingly vary according to these status, and be drawn either from intrinsic matter (insiti) or extraneous (adsumpti), and may in judicial cases take the form of absolute downright challenge of your opponent's statements, or of admitting, but qualifying and explaining the same. It may happen, too, that the merits of a question are not gone into, and a plea or demurrer instead is entered to the competency of the court or tribunal; this (translatio) makes the quaestio purely legal and technical, and involves other topics such as letter and spirit of laws, conflicting precedents, ambiguousness, &c. The above is a summary of the orator's first business (Intellectio) to see clearly the character and bearings of the quaestio which he has undertaken, and the general sources from which he must draw his topics. (ii) He would then try to arrange his topics in form of a speech, discourse, &c., grouping them under all or some of the five great divisions of a speech with their sub-divisions, choosing topics |