Rogers v. Ackerman.

of the justice cannot be reversed by the county court, although the verdict of the jury was against the weight of evidence; and that if, in such case, the county court should reverse the judgment of the justice, its judgment of reversal will be reversed. by the supreme court. (21 Wend. 305. 18 id. 141, 144, 145. 3 Hill, 75. 15 Wend. 490. 18 Barb. 350. 8 How. Pr. Rep. 377. 2 Sand. R. 222. 12 Barb. 387.) The evidence as to the difference between the actual value of the horses, regarding them as over 20 years old, and what their value would have been had they been only 10 and 11 years old, was competent evidence. For the witnesses who testified to such difference in value were acquainted with the horses, and are presumed to have been acquainted with the value of horses. Witnesses acquainted with the value of personal property are allowed to testify to their opinion of its value. (5 Denio, 84.) The rule that witnesses must state facts, and not opinions, has no application to such cases. The form of the question to the witnesses who spoke to the difference in value of the horses, was unobjectionable. The objection was that the defendant had not previously proved that the horses were older than they were represented to be, and that the opinion of the witnesses was not proper evidence of the difference in value. This objection was properly overruled by the justice, because the defendant had previously proved that the horses were older than the plaintiff represented them to be; and because their opinion of the difference of value was competent evidence. The question put to the witness in Lewis v. Trickey, (20 Barb. 387,) bears no resemblance to the questions put to the witnesses in this case. In my opinion the judgment of the county court should be reversed, and that of the justice affirmed.

Judgment accordingly.

[CLINTON GENERAL TERM, May 6, 1856. C. L. Allen, James, Paige and Rosekrans, Justices.]

PERRY and FINEHOUT, Overseers of the poor of the town of Saratoga Springs, vs. TYNEN.

In an action brought in a justice's court, to recover penalties for violations of the excise law, it is a sufficient indorsement of the summons if it states that such summons is issued "according to the provisions of title 9, part 1, chapter 20 of the statute of Excise and the regulation of taverns and groceries." A justice of the peace has authority to allow a constable to amend his return to a summons. And the refusal of the defendant to appear, will not deprive the justice of this right.

The power of amendment does not depend upon the appearance of the defendant in the suit.

The provisions of the code, respecting amendments, are in addition to those in the revised statutes. They are not inconsistent with each other, and both remain in force.

Whether a service upon the defendant of a copy of the indorsement on the summons is necessary?

Quære.

After two overseers of the poor have united in commencing an action, and in the employment of counsel to appear in their joint behalf, to prosecute it, one of them alone, without the consent or concurrence of the other, has no power to discontinue the suit.

The act of withdrawing such suit involves the exercise of judgment and discretion-in other words, is a judicial act—and it cannot be done without the conjoint act of both the plaintiffs, determined upon while they are conferring together.

Where power is delegated for a mere private purpose, all the persons (if more than one) upon whom the authority is conferred must unite and concur in its exercise. In cases of the delegation of a public authority to three or more persons, the authority conferred may be exercised and performed by a majority of the whole number. If the act to be done by virtue of such public authority requires the exercise of discretion and judgment—i. e. if it is a judicial act-the persons to whom the authority is delegated must meet and confer together, and be present when the act is performed; or at least a majority must meet, confer, and be present, after all have been notified to attend. If there are only two to whom a public authority is delegated, it necessarily follows that nothing can be done without the consent of both.

THIS

THIS was an action, commenced before a justice of the peace, by the plaintiffs, against the defendant, for the recovery of several penalties for violations of the 15th section of the title of the revised statutes in relation to excise, &c. (1 R. S. 680, 15, 1st ed.; 17th sec. in 3d ed.) The suit was commenced by summons. The justice indorsed on the summons, at the time it was issued, the following: "According to the provisions VOL. XXII.

18

Perry v. Tynen.

of title 9, part 1, chapter 20 of the statute of Excise and the regulation of taverns and groceries. John T. Carr, justice of the peace." The constable returned the summons, with a return indorsed, "that the same was personally served on the said Dennis Tynen, on the 5th of January, 1855, and a copy left with the defendant." On the return day of the summons the plaintiffs appeared by W. M. Searing, who testified to his authority to appear for them; and the defendant appeared specially by L. B. Pike, to make objections to the jurisdiction of the court, and made the following, viz: 1. That no sufficient summons was served on the defendant; 2. That the indorsement required by the statute was not made on the copy summons left with the defendant; 3. That no sufficient indorsement was made on the summons; 4. That the return was not sufficient to show the service of the summons; and 5. That the court had no jurisdiction of the person of the defendant. These objections were overruled by the court, and the defendant did not appear any further, in the cause. J. A. Shoudy then appeared for Finehout, one of the plaintiffs, and produced a writing, signed by Finehout alone, in which it was stated that, "It is stipulated that the plaintiffs do withdraw and discontinue the said suit. I do hereby authorize the justice to enter judgment of discontinuance." This was the only authority to appear for Finehout, produced by Shoudy. Shoudy moved that the cause be discontinued; which motion was opposed by the counsel for the plaintiffs, who objected to the reception of the paper produced by Shoudy. The justice denied the motion of Shoudy, and proceeded with the suit. The plaintiffs then proved several violations of the 15th section of the said title in relation to excise, &c. After the defendant had declined further to appear in the cause, the counsel for the plaintiffs moved that the constable amend his return indorsed on the summons; which motion was granted. The constable then amended his return so that the same read as follows: "Personally served, Jan'y 5, 1855, and copy of summons and indorsement left with def't.” The justice rendered a judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, for

Perry v. Tynen.

$100 damages, and $3.39 costs; which was affirmed by the county court, and the defendant appealed to this court.

W. A. Beach, for the appellant.

Searing & Putnam, for the respondents.

By the Court, PAIGE, J. The indorsement on the summons was a compliance with the 7th section of the article of the revised statutes in relation to actions for penalties and forfeitures. (2 R. S. 481, 1st ed.) This section only requires that a general reference to the statute which gives the action shall be indorsed. The reference in this case was to the title; which is not subdivided into articles. This was sufficient. (17 Wend. 87. 1 R. S. 687.)

The justice had authority to allow the constable to amend his return. Justices have the same powers, in respect to amendments, as courts of record. (11 Wend. 214, 215. 1 Barb. S. C. R. 555, 556. 12 Wend. 150. 15 id. 557. 2 R. S. 225, i 1. Id. 424, § 1, and 425, 10. Code, i 173.) The provisions of the code, as to amendments, are in addition to those in the revised statutes. (3 How. Pr. R. 305. Voorhies' Code, 4th ed. p. 261.) They are not inconsistent with each other, and both remain in force. The refusal of the defendant to appear, after his objections to the jurisdiction of the justice had been overruled, did not deprive the latter of his power afterwards to allow the amendment of the constable's return.

The power of amendment does not depend upon the appearance of the defendant in the suit. The revised statutes expressly allow amendments to be made at any time before judgment. Under the code they may be made after, as well as before, judgment. (Code, 173. 2 R. S. 429, 1.) The amended return of the justice, I think, shows that the constable, when he served the summons, delivered a copy of the indorsement, with a copy of the summons, to the defendant. The return of the constable is not traversable. If it is false, the defendant has his remedy against him in an action for a false return. (14 John. 481.) It

Perry v. Tynen.

is questionable whether a service upon the defendant of a copy of the indorsement on the summons was necessary. (2 R. S. 481, § 7.)

Neither of the objections interposed by the defendant to the jurisdiction of the justice can be sustained. A sufficient summons was served on the defendant; the summons was properly served; the indorsement thereon was a compliance with the statute which directed it; a copy of it was served on the defendant, in connection with a copy of the summons; and the court had jurisdiction of the person of the defendant.

The only remaining question to be considered is, whether, after both the plaintiffs had united in commencing the suit, and in the employment of counsel to appear in their joint behalf to prosecute it, one of them alone, without the consent or concurrence of the other, had power to discontinue the suit. There is a distinction between a delegation of power for public, and for private purposes. Where the power is delegated for a mere private purpose, all the persons (if more than one) upon whom the authority is conferred must unite and concur in the exercise. In cases of the delegation of a public authority to three or more persons, the authority conferred may be exercised and performed by a majority of the whole number. If the act to be done by virtue of such public authority requires the exercise of discretion and judgment-in other words, if it is a judicial act-the persons to whom the authority is delegated must meet and confer together, and be present when the act is performed; or at least a majority must meet, confer, and be present, after all have been notified to attend. Where the act to be done is merely ministerial, a majority must concur and unite in the performance of the act, but they may act separately. (3 Durn. & E. 38, 40, 380. 3 Comst. 407. 6 John. 39, 40. 1 Bos. & Pul. 236. 9 Wend. 191. 21 id. 217. 7 Cowen, 529, 530. 2 R. S. 555, § 27.) The provision in the revised statutes declaring, generally, that the act may be performed by a majority, upon a meeting of all the persons or officers to whom the authority is confided, (2 R. S. 555, § 27,) does not abrogate the common law rule allowing public officers to