or yourself, command poor Catholics anything, that they must obey you, though it be to endanger both body and soul? And if you maintain such doctrine amongst you, how can the king be safe? Is it not time therefore the king and the state should look to you, that spend your time thus in his kingdom? Garnet said very passionately, My lord, I would to God I had never known of the Powder treason.

Hereupon the Lord Chief Justice of England said, Garnet, you are Superior of the Jesuits; and if you forbid, must not the rest obey? Was not Greenwell with you half an hour at Sir Everard Digby's house, when you heard of the discovery of your treason? and did you not there confer and debate the matter together? Did you not send him to Hall, to Mr. Abington's house, to stir him up to go to the rebels, and encourage them? Yet you seek to colour all this, but that's but a mere shift in you; and notwithstanding all this, you said, no man living but one did know that you were privy to it; then belike some that are dead did know it. Catesby was never from you, as the gentlewoman that kept your house with you confessed, and by many apparent proofs, and evident presumptions, you were in every particular of this action, and directed the actors; nay, I think verily, you were the chief that moved it. Garnet said, No, my lord, I did not.

Then was it well urged by my Lord Chief Justice, how he wrote his letters for Winter, Wright, Fawkes, Baynham, and Catesby, principal actors in this matchless treason. Besides, his lordship told him of his keeping the two bulls to prejudice the king, and to do other mischief in the realm, which, when he saw the king peaceably to come in, then being out of hope to do any good, he burnt them.

Here Mr. Attorney caused to be read the confession of Hall, alias Oldcorn, the Jesuit, under his own hand (which, he said, was omni exceptione majus), against him, wherein he confessed that Humphrey Littleton told him that Catesby and others were sore hurt with powder, and said that he was exceeding sorry that things took no better effect; whereat Hall wished him not to be discouraged, nor to measure the cause by the event; for though the eleven

tribes of Israel went twice by the special commandment of God against the tribe of Benjamin, yet they both times were overthrown. So Lewis the French king, in his voyage to the Holy Land against the infidels, was overthrown, and his whole army discomfited, though his cause was good. And so likewise the Christians, when they defended Rhodes against the Turks, lost the city, and the Turks had the upper hand. And this. he confessed, and applied to the fact of Catesby and others for the Powder treason, and said it would have been commendable when it had been done, though not before.

After this Mr. Attorney opened, how Francis Tresham, a delinquent Romanist, even in articulo mortis (a fearful thing) took it upon his salvation, that he had not seen Garnet for sixteen years before, when Garnet himself had confessed that he had seen him often within that time; and likewise that Garnet knew not of the Spanish invasion, which Garnet himself confessed also, and which two things Tresham himself had formerly confessed to the lords; yet, for a recantation of these two things, upon his death bed he commanded Vavasour his man, whom, I think, said Mr. Attorney, deeply guilty in this treason, to write a letter to the Earl of Salisbury; and to show this his desperate recantation, Mr. Tresham's letter was offered to be read, being to this effect:-That whereas, since the king's time, he had had his pardon, and that, to satisfy the lords who heretofore examined him, he had accused Garnet; that now, he being weak, desired that his former examinations might be called in, because they were not true; and set down upon his salvation, that he had not seen Garnet in sixteen years before.

Then my Lord of Salisbury said, it was a lamentable. thing; for within three hours after this, he died: and asked Garnet what interpretation he made of this testamental protestation? Garnet answered, It may be, my lord, he meant to equivocate. Here was the examination and confession of Mrs. Anne Vaux offered to be read also, to confirm Tresham's perjury, who had confessed that she had seen Mr. Tresham with Garnet at her house, three or four times. since the king's coming in, and divers times before; and that he had dined with him, and that Garnet always gave

him good counsel, and would say sometimes to him and others, Good gentlemen, be quiet; for we must obtain that which you desire by prayer. She confessed also, that they were at Erith together the last summer.

After all this, Garnet being asked if these examinations were true, affirmed they were. And then were his own examinations likewise read to the same effect, wherein he both confessed the seeing of Mr. Tresham, and his sending into Spain about an invasion.

Ilere Lord Salisbury concluded, that that which was said of Mr. Tresham and others, was not done against charity to the dead, but upon inevitable necessity to avoid all their slanderous reports and practices; for he said, that even now there was current throughout the town, a report of a retractation under Bates's hand, of his accusation of Greenwell; which are strange and grievous practices to think upon. But this day shall witness to the world that all is false, and yourself condeinned not by any but by yourself, your own confessions and actions. Alas, Mr. Garnet, why should we be troubled all this day with you, poor man, were it not to make the cause appear as it deserveth? wherein, God send you may be such an example, as you may be the last actor in this kind.

Here upon my Lord Admiral saidto Garnet, that he had done more good this day in that pulpit which he stood in, for it was made like unto a pulpit wherein he stood, than he had done all the days of his lifetime in any other pulpit.

Then was another examination of Mrs. Anne Vaux read, wherein she confessed that Mr. Garnet and she were not long since with Mr. Tresham, at his house in Northamptonshire, and stayed there.

After this, my Lord of Salisbury said, Mr. Garnet, if you have not yet done, I would have you to understand that the king hath commanded, that whatsoever made for you, or against you, all should be read, and so it is, and we take of you what you will. This gentlewoman that seems to speak for you in her confessions, I think would sacrifice herself for you to do you good, and you likewise for her; therefore, good Mr. Garnet, whatsoever you have to say, say in God's name, and you shall be heard.

Then Garnet desired the jury that they would allow of,

and believe those things he had denied and affirmed, and not to give credit unto those things whereof there was no direct proof against him, nor to condemn him by circumstances or presumptions. To whom Garnet answered, "Yes, my Lord.'

The Earl of Salisbury demanded of him, saying, Mr. Garnet, is this all you have to say? if it be not, take your time, no man shall interrupt you.

Mr. Attorney humbly desired all the Lords Commissioners, that if he had forgotten to speak of anything material, that their lordships would be pleased to put him in mind of it: who was assured by my Lord of Salisbury that he had done very well, painfully, and learnedly.

Then Mr. Attorney desired the jury might go together, who, upon his motion, going together forth of the Court, within less than a quarter of an hour returned, and found Henry Garnet guilty.

Whereupon Mr. Serjeant Crook prayed judgment.

Then Mr. Waterhouse, the Clerk of the Crown, demanding what he could say for himself, why judgment should not be given against him?

Garnet made answer, that he could say nothing, but referred himself to the mercy of the king and God Almighty.

After this, the Earl of Northampton made a learned speech, which in itself was very copious; and the intention being to contract this volume as much as might be, and to keep only to matter of fact, it was thought convenient to omit the same.

Then the Lord Chief Justice, making a pithy preamble of all the apparent proofs and presumptions of his guilt, gave judgment, that he should be drawn, hanged, and quartered.

And my Lord of Salisbury demanded, if Garnet would say anything else?

Garnet answered-No, my Lord. But I humbly desire your lordships all, to commend my life to the king's majesty, saying, that at his pleasure he was ready either to die or live, and do him service.

And so the Court arose.

I

A true Relation of all such things as passed at the Execution of MR. GARNET, the 3rd of May, Anno 1606. On the 3rd of May, Garnet, according to his judgment, was executed upon a scaffold, set up for that purpose at the west end of St. Paul's Church. Upon his ascending the scaffold, he stood much amazed, fear and guiltiness appearing in his face. The Deans of Paul's and Winchester being present, very gravely and Christianly exhorted him to a true and lively faith to Godward, a free and plain acknowledgment to the world of his offence; and if any further treason lay in his knowledge, to unburthen his conscience, and show a sorrow and detestation of it.

But Garnet, impatient of persuasions, and ill pleased to be exhorted by them, desired them not to trouble him; he came prepared and was resolved. Then the Recorder of London, who was by his majesty appointed to be there, asked Garnet if he had anything to say unto the people before he died; it was no time to dissemble, and now his treasons were too manifest to be dissembled; therefore if he would, the world should witness what at last he censured of himself, and of his fact; it should be free to him to speak what he listed. But Garnet, unwilling to take the offer, said, his voice was low, his strength gone, the people could not hear him though he spake to them; but to those about him on the scaffold he said-The intention was wicked, and the fact would have been cruel, and from his soul he should have abhorred it had it been effected. But he said, he only had a general knowledge of it by Mr. Catesby, which in that he disclosed not, nor used means to prevent it, herein he had offended; what he knew in particular was in confession, as he said. But the Recorder wished him to be remembered, that the king's majesty had under his handwriting these four points amongst others:

1. That Greenway told him of this, not as a fault, but as a thing which he had intelligence of, and told it him by way of consultation.

2. That Catesby and Greeneway came together to him to be resolved.