works of fiction that dealt with the life they knew and cared for, and had made the novel of real life a great recognized power. French classicism was decaying, and there was no influence above that of the main body of the people influencing the form of our best literature. Fielding's "Amelia,” dedicated to his kind friend Ralph Allen, of Bath, has for its theme the beauty of true womanhood. He constantly identified his first wife with Amelia, while condemning often his own failings in the character of her husband, Mr. Booth. Fielding dealt also in his novel with those evils of society against which he had been contending, and brought pathos and sharp satire in his jail scenes against what were in his day the iniquities of criminal law.

On the 4th of January, 1752, Fielding began "The Covent Garden Journal; by Sir Alexander Drawcansir, Knight, Censor of Great Britain," which lasted until the end of the year. His health was still failing, but he staid in London to complete the breaking up of an organized gang of street ruffians; took, morning and evening, half a pint of the tar-water recommended by Bishop Berkeley's "Siris;" and, when hope of life was gone, left England with his wife and eldest daughter for Lisbon. "The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon" was Fielding's last work. He arrived in the middle of August, and died, aged forty-seven, on the 8th of the following October, 1754.

SECOND HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

NOVELISTS AND HISTORIANS.

WRITERS ON THEOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE, POLITICS, AND LAW.

CHAPTER XV.

SECOND HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: HISTORIANS, BIOGRAPHERS, ESSAYISTS, NOVELISTS, AND PHILOSOPHERS.

1. Tobias Smollett.-2. Laurence Sterne.-8. Joseph Warton; Thomas Warton.4. Richard Hurd.-5. Horace Walpole; Lady Mary Montague.-6. Samuel Johnson.-7. David Hume. - -8. William Robertson; Edward Gibbon. —9. Thomas Reid.-10. Adam Smith; Sir William Blackstone.-11. Edmund Burke.-12. William Paley.-13. Joseph Priestley; Thomas Paine; Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin.-14. Sir Joshua Reynolds; Gilbert White; Edmund Malone; Anna Seward; Hannah More; Henry Mackenzie; Frances Burney; Sophia and Harriet Lee; William Beckford; Clara Reeve; Ann Badcliffe.

1. Tobias Smollett, born in 1721, in the parish of Cardross, was left dependent on his grandfather, Sir James Smollett, of Bonhill, was sent to school at Dumbarton, where he wrote satirical verse, and a poem on Wallace, went from Dumbarton to Glasgow, where he studied medicine and was apprenticed to a surgeon, the Potion of his first novel. He came to London with a tragedy, "The Regicide," written before he was eighteen. It was rejected by managers, but several years afterwards was published with a preface. In 1741, when "Pamela " was a new book, Smollett, aged twenty, was surgeon's mate on board a ship of the line, and sailed in the expedition to Carthagena. This experience of life was also used as material for his first novel. He quitted the service when in the West Indies, lived some time in Jamaica, and met the lady whom he afterwards married. He was back in London in 1746, and then published anonymously "The Tears of Scotland," expressing from his heart, though no Jacobite, his just indignation at the cruelties that disgraced the suppression of the Rebellion of 1745; also " Advice," a satire which gave offence. He wrote "Alceste," an opera, for Covent Garden, quarrelled with the manager, published in 1747 "Reproof," a sequel to "Advice," married, and produced in 1748,

when his age was twenty-seven, his first novel, "The Adventures of Roderick Random." This work, written in the form of autobiography, was a bright story, rich in mirth and a quick sense of outside character, that painted life as Smollett had seen it, blending his own experiences with his fiction. It became immediately popular, and helped much in establishing the new form of fiction in which writers dealt immediately with the life of their own time, and the experience in it of common men and women.

In 1750 he graduated as physician, at Marischal College, Aberdeen, but was a doctor with few patients. In the summer of 1750 he visited Paris, and probably wrote there his "Peregrine Pickle," published in 1751. Its brightness, and the hearty fun of many of its chapters, like that which describes an entertainment in the manner of the ancients, made the book widely popular, and Smollett famous. This book was followed, in 1753, by a study of depravity in an adventurer chosen from the purlieus of treachery and fraud, the "Adventures of Ferdinand Count Fathom." In 1755 he published a free translation of "Don Quixote," then visited his mother and friends in Scotland, and, when he came back, accepted the invitation of booksellers to edit the "Critical Review," set up in 1756, to oppose the Whig "Monthly Review," that had been started in 1749. Smollett was genial, but irritable, and now submitted himself to vexation by the irritable race of the small authors. At this time Smollett began "A complete History of England, deduced from the Descent of Julius Cæsar to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, containing the Transactions of One Thousand Eight Hundred and Three Years." He is said to have written it in fourteen months. It was published in four volumes in 1757-58, and reprinted afterwards in numbers, extending to eleven volumes, with a weekly sale of twelve thousand. For a paragraph in the "Critical Review" Smollett was fined a hundred pounds, and imprisoned for three months, at the suit of Admiral Knowles, and worked in prison at "The Adventures of Sir Lancelot Greaves," an imitation of Cervantes, published in the "British Magazine" in 1760 and 1761. Smollett then worked at the "Continuation of the Ilis