the name of "the Bloody Togher," or pass through the bog.

But when King James fled, Anthony showed his wisdom by returning to his estates and submitting to the new condition of things, which he could not alter, with a good grace. Finally, the lavish hospitality of Anthony's great grandson, Richard O'Carroll, who was compelled to mortgage his castle and estates, extinguished the flickering glories of this illustrious house.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE DEFENCE OF THE PALE.

SIR JOHN DAVIS alleges as reasons why the country was not subdued until his time (1603). (1) "The faint prosecution of the war" and (2)" the looseness of the civil government." When discussing the superficial nature of Henry II's. conquest he points out that Henry very unwisely gave the Irish lords the style of "kings.' The word "Rex" is preserved in Hoveden's record of his agreement with Roderick O'Connor. And from the twelfth year of King John to the thirty-sixth year of Edward III. no royal army came from England to make an end of the war, but during that period "the chief governors of the realm, at first called Custodes Hiberniae and afterwards Lords Justices," maintained an ill-paid and illgoverned army in the country. The English subjects in Ireland were continually cessed and taxed to maintain this army because little treasure came out of England to pay the soldiers' wages. Consequently in all the Pipe-Rolls of Henry III., Edward I., Edward II., and Edward III., there is the entry "In Thesauro nihil" (nothing in the treasury) because the officers of the state and army had exhausted the little there was."

We do not imply that the officers or their men were well paid according to modern standards, in those days. Sir John Davis informs us that 6s. 8d. a day was the pay drawn by Lord Lionel as general, but

this was doubled when he was created Duke of Clarence. Then he was allowed for eight knights 2s. each, per diem; for sixty-four esquires Is. each; for 368 mounted archers from Lancashire, 6d. each; and for twenty-three archers from Wales, 2d. each, per diem. When Lord Lientenant 1361-1369, James, Earl of Ormonde, Lord Justice in 1364 was allowed for twenty armed "hobblers," as Irish horsemen who served on "hobbies" were called, 6d. each, and for twenty unarmed "hobblers" 4d. each, per diem. In the time of Sir William Windsor (Lord Lieutenant 1369) the charge of the kingdom amounted only to £11,200, while the revenue, according to Sir John Davis, did not rise to £10,000 any year during the reign of Edward III. In the year 1442 the revenue only amounted to £4,877 2s. 4d. And in the same year-one of perfect peace-the Executive and military establishment in Ireland cost only £7,982 6s. 8d. The force itself consisted of 9 officers and 532 men, who were maintained at an annual cost of £7,175 13s. 4d.-a small force and outlay compared with the Dublin police and the cost of their maintenance, and utterly inadequate for the purpose of protecting life and property in the Pale, had they not been supported by the levies of the Pale and the Earl of Ossory. The force was divided in this way: Sir Anthony St. Leger's retinue, 2 officers and 100 horsemen (£1,360 16s. per an.); Mr. R. St. Leger's retinue, 2 officers and 100 horsemen at the same cost; Mr. Brereton's retinue, 2 officers and 150 archers; the Master of Ordnance, 3 officers and 100 hackbutteers. The Treasurer of this empty treasury had an escort of 40 horsemen; the Knight Marshal had I officer

and 32 horsemen; and the Clerk of the Check, 10 horsemen. Lord Leonard Grey had introduced in 1535 the plan at first effectual, of sending flying columns supported by artillery, through the country, which checked the lawless here and there for a moment, but, of course, led to no permanent settlement of the country. But when we consider the slenderness of the means at his disposal, the paucity of his troops and the smallness of his treasury we wonder at the success of his enterprises and the extent of his operations. In 1536 when he invaded Munster, which was in revolt, he had an army of 1,023 men, 323 of whom were Irish levies! In 1560 the Irish revenues of Elizabeth were £8,351, £500 of this came from the lands of Leix and Offaly, while the outlay was £9,400, a deficit of £1,049. The expenditure was as follows: -£1,500 for the Lord Lieutenant; an escoit of 50 horsemen, £700; 100 horsemen to attend him, £1,400; 200 footmen to do the same, £2,600; 100 kerne, £600; 100 footmen for the fort of Offaly, £1,300; 100 footmen for the fort of Leix, £1,300, a horseman being paid £14 per an. ; and footmen £13. Ireland was, financially in those times a dead loss to England. During the first 16 years of Elizabeth's reign the loss in hard cash in those days was £370,779-a sum which would have established a magnificent exhibition in London or Dublin, or founded a noble university.

The principal source of the King's income in Ireland was the customs, which were chiefly raised on hides, rents of land and various subsidies. Queen Elizabeth, for instance, had certain "bonaught for gallowglass upon Irishmen living on the border of the

Pale" to the value of £4,000 (Carew MS. I., p. 300). These sums were rather uncertain, and the difficulty of collecting them was so great that in Henry VI's. reign the Duke of York on his appointment as Lord Lieutenant was to have all the King's revenues there and 4,000 marks yearly for England. When the Brotherhood of St. George was instituted by 14. Edward IV. a subsidy of poundage on all exports and imports the hides and goods of freemen of Dublin and Drogheda excepted-was granted to pay the standing army of 200 men, of whom 120 were mounted archers, at 6d. per diem; 40 were horsemen at 5d., and the rest at a lower rate. Sir Edward Bellingham, Lord Justice in Edward VI's. reign, the first Deputy to extend the borders of the Pale by breaking the power of the Moores and O'Connors and building the forts of Leix and Offaly, had but 600 horse and 400 foot, whose pay amounted to £1,216 per month. In those years, at any rate, the Irish taxes and revenues were spent on Irish concerns -if the upkeep of the army may be considered soand were miserably deficient for the purpose. The slenderness of the means placed at their disposal is an excuse for the almost proverbial rapacity of the lieutenant and their deputies at which the English Government winked. We are strongly reminded of the publicani under the Roman Empire, whose extortions were connived at, provided they did not commit the Empire in any way, by the story of the doings of the English officials almost from their first appearance in the land.

Of this rapacity, a few instances will now be given Henry Marleburrough informs us in his Chronicle

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