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prepared and directed to assemble at Japara and to procure the assistance of all the white people who had factories there, Dutch, French, English, and Portuguese. . . . The Dutch sent four ships and some smaller vessels with soldiers, which were reinforced at Japara by the susúhúnan's troops and vessels. . . . An attack was then made on the enemy's works, and in a few days they were demolished, the enemy dispersed, and numerous prisoners taken. . . . Those that escaped joined Trúna Jaya: and the latter, feeling himself now strong enough, crossed over to the mainland and took possession of Surabaya. The Dutch were again asked for their assistance, and Admiral Speelman was despatched from Batavia with a strong land and sea force. . . . The siege lasted nearly two months, and the town was at last taken by assault.

...

The Dutch could now demand what they wished. . . A new treaty was concluded and the district actually under Dutch jurisdiction was extended to the Krawang river, whilst all their goods were to be free everywhere in Java from export and import duty; further, they might build factories or forts any where they pleased. . . . In 1700 the first war of succession began, and the assistance of the Dutch was again asked for by one of the heirs. This was another opportunity for political advantage which the Dutch did not lose sight of, and therefore before granting any. aid they explicitly stated their requirements. These were:-That all the seaports from Krawang to the eastern extremity of the island, and the whole of the revenues of these places, including all the rice, be delivered to the State in diminution of the susúhúnan's debt. That the whole of the kingdom of Jacatra be likewise permanently ceded to them. That the sugar trade of Japara be placed entirely in the hands of the Dutch, together with the sole management of the town of Semarang and the village of Kaligawi, with the proviso, however, that the revenues collected were for account of the susúhúnan. As, however, his Highness was always in debt to the Dutch, the revenues were kept in diminution thereof. The claimant Pangeran Púger

was publicly installed at Semarang on the 19th June, 1704, and he was shortly afterwards required to sign fresh deeds and treaties by which the Dutch were more or less confirmed as the overlords of the island. Oenarang and Salatiga were unfortified, and the troops of the would-be susúhúnan were disbanded. The district of Gebáng and all the territory between the river Donán and Pasúran was ceded to the Dutch by a treaty of the 5th October, 1705. They now held at last all the ports of the island in their possession, collecting their revenues and regulating their trade."-D. M. Campbell, Java: Past and present, v. 1, pp. 230, 233-240.

1795-1816.-Attempts of the English.-Temporary British rule.-Return to the Dutch."Toward the close of the eighteenth century the English had intruded more and more in the commerce of the Dutch islands: their smuggling increased, and they obtained concessions to trade from the Dutch government. Dutch officials felt that the English would attempt to make up for the loss of the American possessions by extension in the East, and opportunities to effect this extension in legal form were offered by the political changes of the Napoleonic period in Europe. When William V. fled from the Netherlands in 1795, he commissioned the English to occupy the Dutch colonies for him, and most of the Dutch possessions in the East came under the British flag soon afterward. Batavia was blockaded by an English squadron in 1800, and Java was saved from

conquest at that time probably only by the diversion of the Egyptian expedition. Twice in the period 1803-1811 an English fleet appeared off the island and made hostile demonstrations, and in October, 1811, the conquest which had so long impended actually occurred. Java was in no condition to offer serious opposition to the English arms. Daendels had made some improvements of military value in the construction of roads, forts and harbors, but he had roused such opposition by his arbitrary measures that the government was seriously disorganized, and he left it with both treasury and army pitifully weak. His successor, Janssens, had only a 'soi-disant armée,' as he said, in which there were scarcely more than a hundred troops. Most of his officers were half-breeds, and the body of the troops was composed of natives serving under compulsion, who were totally unreliable."-C. Day, Policy and administration of the Dutch in Java, p. 164. "Even the Java expedition itself has largely faded from latter-day memory. The British force, it may be recalled here, landed near Batavia on August 4, 1811, and gained a decisive victory over the local forces, led by General Janssens, at Cornelis, on August 26. Thereafter the entire island came under British domination, and with Stamford Raffles as its Lieut.-Governor was ruled as a British possession until 1816, when it was handed back to Holland in accordance with the provisions of the Treaty of Vienna. [See VIENNA, CONGRESS OF. These four years of Raffles's official life were of the highest interest; . . . he left an indelible impress on the land system of the island, and in other ways made the period of the British occupation memorable in Javan annals.”—A. Wright and T. H. Reid, Malay peninsula, p. 102.

1825-1920.-Five years of war.-Later attempts at rebellion.-Increase of Dutch authority. "The last serious hostilities in Java broke out in 1825, when Dipo Negoro [or Dipa Negara] claimed the entire island. The rebellion was subdued at the cost of five years of warfare and the loss of fifteen thousand men. When at length the island was pacified the hold of the Dutch was firmer than ever. There were further attempts at revolt, when the Mahomedan priests sought to persuade the people that Dipo Negoro had returned, or was still alive. The most serious attempt was in 1849, when the exile was in Macassar. He died in 1855, and the last rebellion was in 1888. These revolts have resulted in the entire loss of local independence. In 1848 sweeping reforms were introduced by the Grondwet, or Fundamental Law; and during the last sixty years the Government has grown more and more paternal, humane, and enlightened, until it is now an example to other nations."-A. Cabaton, Java, Sumatra, and the other islands of the Dutch East Indies, p. 21.

1872. - War with the Dutch. See NETHERLANDS: 1849-1890.

1919.-Railroads. See RAILROADS: 1919: Dutch East Indies.

ALSO IN: D. M. Campbell, Java: Past and present.-M. McMillan, Journey to Java.-T. S. Raffles, History of Java.-A. S. Walcott, Java and her neighbors.-J. Brown, The Dutch East.

JAVAN, Hebrew form of the Greek race-name Ionian.

JAVE LA GRANDE, early name for Australia. See AUSTRALIA: 1601-1800.

JAXARTES, ancient name of the river Sir, or Sihun, which flows into the Sea of Aral.

JAY, John (1745-1829), American statesman and jurist. Member of New York Committee of Cor

JAY

respondence during the Revolution; member of First Continental Congress, 1774; and of Second Continental Congress, 1776; minister to Spain, 1780-1782; commissioner to negotiate treaty of peace with England, 1782-1783, 1794; secretary of foreign affairs, 1784-1789; member of New York Convention, 1788; chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, 1789-1795; governor of New York, 1795-1801.

Opposition to tea tax.-At First Continental Congress.-Views on independence. See NEW YORK: 1773-1774; U.S.A.: 1774 (September); 1775 (January-April).

Chairman of committee to draft New York constitution. See NEW YORK: 1777.

Mission to Spain concerning navigation of the Mississippi.-Secretary of foreign affairs. See LOUISIANA: 1785-1800, STATE DEPARTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES: 1774-1789.

Distrust of French aims in America. See U.S.A.: 1782 (September-November).

Negotiation of treaty of peace with England. -Treaty disputed. See U.S.A.: 1782 (September); 1784-1788.

Ratification of the Federal Constitution. See U.S.A.: 1787-1789.

Connection with first cabinet. See STATE DEPARTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES: 1789; 17901909; U.S.A.: 1789-1792.

First chief justice of United States Supreme Court. See SUPREME COURT: 1789-1835; COMMON LAW: 1794.

Negotiation of Jay Treaty. See U.S.A.: 17931795; ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL: Modern: 1794. JAYHAWKERS AND RED LEGS.-During the conflict of 1854-1859 in Kansas, certain "freestate men in the Southeast, comparatively isolated, having little communication with [the town of] Lawrence, and consequently almost wholly without check, developed a successful if not very praiseworthy system of retaliation. Confederated at first for defense against pro-slavery outrages, but ultimately falling more or less completely into the vocation of robbers and assassins, they have received the name-whatever its origin may beof jayhawkers."-L. W. Spring, Kansas, p. 240. "The complaints in former years of Border Ruffian forays from Missouri into Kansas [see KANSAS: 1854-1859], were, as soon as the civil war began, paid with interest by a continual accusation of incursions of Kansas Jayhawkers' and 'Red Legs' into Missouri."-J. G. Nicolay and J. Hay, Abraham Lincoln, v. 6, p. 370.

JAYME. See JAMES.

JAZYGES, or Iazyges, early Sarmatian tribe. See LIMIGANTES.

JEAN. See JOHN. JEANES, Anna T.

(1822-1907), American philanthropist. See JEANES FOUNDATION.

JEANES FOUNDATION.-"The Anna T. Jeanes Foundation, organized for the purpose of administering a fund of $1,000,000 [was] given by Miss Anna T. Jeanes, a Philadelphia Quakeress, for fostering negro rural schools. The board of trustees was formally organized in February, 1908. In his first statement to the board of trustees, under date of June 1, 1908, the president of the foundation... [suggested] that the best line of work in using the money placed at the disposal of the board. . . [would be]: First-To get something additional from the school authorities. Second-To get the co-operative effort of the people themselves. And Third-To improve the effectiveness of the school and widen its neighborhood influence by introducing industrial features. Work has . . . been carried on along all three of

JEFFERSON

these lines. One of the principles rigidly adhered to has been avoidance of doing anything to lessen the responsibility of the regular school officials. The work has been one of co-operation and encouragement, not of displacement or substitution. The foundation has several working methods. First, there is the plan that is known as the 'Henrico plan,' so called because work of this character was first carried on in Henrico county, Virginia. In brief, this plan consists of supplying to the county superintendent a competent teacher whose duty it is to introduce industrial work into the different schools of the county, and to supervise it. The teacher spends his or her entire time in this supervisory work, so that the schools have the benefit of industrial training, and, in addition, constant supervision, suggestion, and encouragement. This visiting supervisor also forms, when occasion offers, organizations for school and home improvement. Another plan of work consists in locating a teacher at some central school as headquarters, and having that teacher do extension work among several neighboring schools, varying in number from three to six. A third method of work consists in co-operating with local school authorities in lengthening the school term and increasing the teaching force. This method of work has the double advantage of improving the school work directly, and arousing local interest in the community's educational problems.... The key-note of its work is the demonstration of possibility, with the burden of continued support placed on the community, instead of being assumed by the fund. As is the case with all of the others, this foundation uses great care to avoid duplication of work done either by other benevolent agencies or through public institutions." -L. P. Ayres, Seven great foundations, pp. 75-79. JEANNE I, or Joanna I (1270-1305), queen of Navarre, 1274-1305.

Jeanne II, or Joanna II (1311-1349), queen of Navarre, 1328-1349.

JEANNE D'ALBRET (1528-1572), queen of Navarre, 1555-1572. See NAVARRE: 1528-1563; FRANCE: 1563-1570; PAPACY: 1521-1535.

JEANNE D'ARC. See JOAN OF ARC. JEANNETTE, ship of the De Long polar expedition. Sunk, June, 1881. See ARCTIC EXPLORATION: 1867-1901.

JEBEL HAMRIN, region of Mesopotamia occupied by the British during the World War. See WORLD WAR: 1917: VI. Turkish theatre: a, 2; a, 2, ii; a, 3.

JEBEL SHAMMAR, emirate of central Arabia. See ARABIA: Political divisions.

JEBUS, ancient name for Jerusalem. See JERUSALEM: B.C. 1400-700; JEWS: Kingdoms of Israel and Judah.

JEBUSITES, Canaanite inhabitants of the city of Jebus, or ancient Jerusalem. See JERUSALEM: B.C. 2100-1400; JEWS: Conquest of Canaan.

JECKER CLAIMS. See MEXICO: 1861-1867. JEFFERSON, Thomas (1743-1826) third president of the United States. Member of Virginia House of Burgesses, 1769-1771, 1773-1775; member First and Second Continental Congresses, 17751776; member of Virginia House of Delegates, 1776-1778; governor of Virginia, 1779-1781; member of Congress, 1783-1784; commissioner to France, 1785-1789; secretary of state, 1789-1793; vicepresident of the United States, 1797-1800; president of the United States, 1801-1809.

In Virginia House of Burgesses. See VIRGINIA: 1775

Work on Declaration of Independence. See U. S. A.: 1775 (January-April); 1776 (July): Au

thorship, etc.; 1776 (July): Text of Declaration of Independence.

Attitude towards slavery.-Plan for Northwest Territory.-Treaty of peace with England disputed. See SLAVERY: 1776-1808; NORTHWEST TERRITORY OF UNITED STATES: 1784; U.S.A.: 17841788.

Member of Washington's cabinet.-Opposition to banking system. See U.S.A.: 1789-1792; STATE DEPARTMENT OF THE UNITED STATES: 1790-1909; MONEY AND BANKING: Modern: 1790-1816.

Elected vice president.-Attitude toward alien and sedition laws. See U.S.A.: 1796: Third presidential election; 1798.

First administration as president.-Louisiana Purchase.-Settlement of Florida. See U.S.A.: 1800-1801; 1803: Louisiana Purchase; FLORIDA: 1798-1810.

See

Second administration.-Judge Chase's impeachment.-Expedition of Lewis and Clark.Gunboat fleet.-Embargo policy.-Aaron Burr's filibustering scheme.-Cumberland Road. U.S.A.: 1804; 1804-1805; 1804-1805: Expedition of Lewis and Clark; 1804-1805: Jefferson's plans of national defense; 1804-1809; 1806-1807; CUMBERLAND ROAD.

Founding of University of Virginia. See VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF.

Death. See U. S. A.: 1826.

See also DEISM: American deists.

JEFFERSON, Provisional territory of. See COLORADO: 1857-1875.

JEFFERSON CITY, capital of Missouri, on the south bank of the Missouri river, one hundred and twenty-five miles west of St. Louis.

1861.-Meeting of the General Assembly. See MISSOURI: 1861.

JEFFERSON STATE, Agitation for (1915). See TEXAS: 1911-1917.

JEFFREYS, George, Lord (1648-1689), English judge. Became chief justice of England, 1683; noted for his unscrupulousness and unfair rulings in political trials, judge at the "Bloody Assizes," 1685. See ENGLAND: 1685 (September).

JEHAD, or Jihad, holy war proclaimed by the Koran against the enemies of Islam. The obligation of the Jehad has not been generally observed since the earliest days of Mohammedanism, although various persons asserting themselves to be the Mahdi have attempted to enforce it.-See also DAR-UL-ISLAM; ABYSSINIA: 1913-1920; ARABIA: 1916; WAHHABIS; WORLD WAR: 1914: IV. Turkey: f.

JEHOIACHIN, king of Judah, 597 B.C. Taken captive by Nebuchadrezzar after a reign of about three months. See BABYLONIA: Nebuchadrezzar.

JEHOIAKIM (635-597 B.C.), king of Judah, 609-597 B.C. See BABYLONIA: Nebuchadrezzar. JEHOVA. See JEWS: Israel under the Judges. Worship of. See JERUSALEM: B. C. 1400-700. JEHUDA, Rabbi, patriarch at Tiberias. MISCHNA.

See

JELALI ZARHONI (Bu Hamara), Moroccan pretender and revolutionary leader. See MOROCCO: 1903-1904; 1909.

JELLACHICH, Josef, Count (1801-1859), ban of Croatia. Led southern Slavs in revolt against Hungary, 1848. See AUSTRIA: 1848-1849; HUNGARY: 1847-1849; JUGO-SLAVIA: 1848-1867.

JELLALABAD, or Jalalabad, town in Afghanistan. The British defended it against the Afghans in 1842, and held it from 1878 to 1880. See AFGHANISTAN: 1838-1842; 1869-1881.

Battle of Jutland, 1916; first sea lord, 1916; chief of naval staff, 1917; admiral of the fleet, 1919; appointed governor-general of New Zealand, 1920. See WORLD WAR: 1916. IX. Naval operations: a; a, 9.

JEM, or Djem, Turkish prince. Contested his brother's accession to the throne, and was a constant menace to him; entrusted to the guardianship of Pope Innocent VIII who used him as a weapon to extract tribute and political concessions from Bayezid II, the prince's brother; on the death of Innocent, his successor, Alexander VI, continued to use the prince for political gain.-See also PAPACY: 1471-1513; TURKEY: 1481-1520.

JEMAPPES, town in Belgium, five miles southwest of Mons.

1792.-Battle at. See FRANCE: 1792 (SeptemberDecember).

1916.-Deportation of citizens by Germans. See WORLD WAR: 1916: X. German rule in northern France and Belgium: b, 1.

JEMMINGEN, Battle of (1568). See NETHERLANDS: 1568-1572.

JENA, university town on the Saale, in Germany, ten miles southeast of Weimar.

Battle at (1806). See GERMANY: 1806 (October); AUSTRIA: 1809-1814.

Herbartian movement and the University of Jena. See EDUCATION: Modern: 19th-20th centuries: Herbartian movement, etc.

JENGHIZ KHAN (1162-1227), Mongol emperor and conqueror, 1206-1227. The "Great Khan" or "Ruler" conquered China, India, Afghanistan, and swept over a large part of Asia and even into Europe with his hordes. See MONGOLIA: 1153-1227; 1200-1500; BALKH; BoкHARA: 1219; CHINA: 1205-1234; INDIA: 977-1290; KHUAREZM: 1220; RUSSIA: 1237-1294; SAMARKAND:

1221.

JENIN, town in Palestine, captured by the British during the World War. See WORLD WAR: 1918: VI. Turkish theatre: c, 16.

JENKINS' EAR, War of (1739). See ENG

LAND: 1739-1741.

JENKINS' FERRY, Battle of. See U.S.A.: 1864 (March-October: Arkansas-Missouri).

JENKS, Jeremiah Whipple (1856- ), American political economist. Special government representative escorting the Imperial Chinese Commission which visited America, 1906 (see CHINA: 1906); member United States Immigration Commission, 1907-1910; founder and director of Far Eastern Bureau, New York, 1913-1921.

JENNER, Edward (1749-1823), English physician and discoverer of vaccination as a preventive of smallpox. See MEDICAL SCIENCE: Modern: 18th century: Preventive inoculation against smallpox. JENNY GEDDES' STOOL. See SCOTLAND: 1637.

JENSON, Nicholas (c. 1400-1480), French printer. See PRINTING AND THE PRESS: 1469-1515. JEPHTHAH, one of the Judges of Israel. See JEWS: Israel under the Judges.

JERBA, or Gelves, island off the north coast of Africa. The Spanish army under Count Navarro was defeated on the island in 1510. In 1560 the Spanish fleet was destroyed near Jerba by the Turks and the corsair, Dragut. See BARBARY STATES: 1505-1510; 1543-1560.

JEREMIAH, last pre-exilic prophet of Israel. See JEWS: Religion and the prophets.

JERICHO, ancient city of Palestine, about fifteen miles northeast of Jerusalem, in the Jordan valley. (See CHRISTIANITY: Map of Palestine.) The Biblical story of its capture by Joshua (Joshua, 2-8), tells of the fall of the city walls, The

JELLICOE, John Rushworth, 1st Viscount of Scapa (1859- ), British admiral. Commanderin-chief of the Grand Fleet, 1914-1916; victor at

JEROBOAM

Jericho on the present site, named er-Riha, developed during the Crusades, and is but a squalid village of about 500 inhabitants. B.C. 586.-Conquest by BABYLONIA: Nebuchadrezzar.

Babylonia.

See

1918.-Occupied by British. See WORLD WAR: 1918: VI. Turkish theatre: c, 1.

JEROBOAM I, first king of Israel c. 953-932 B. C. See JEws: Kingdoms of Israel and Judah. JEROME, Saint (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus) (c. 340-420), church father. Led the life of a hermit in the desert of Chalcis, 373-379; ordained priest at Antioch, 379, and from there went to Constantinople where he translated the "Chronicon" of Eusebius; acted as secretary to Pope Damasus in Rome, 382-384; lived chiefly at Bethlehem as head of a monastery, 385-420; translated the Scriptures into Latin (afterwards known as the Vulgate or authorized version). See BIBLE, ENGLISH: 7th-8th centuries.

Work as an historian. See HISTORY: 18; 19; LATIN LITERATURE: 4th-5th centuries.

Letters. See CHRISTIANITY: 347-412. Relation to Hieronymites. See HIERONYMITES. JEROME, William Travers (1859American lawyer. District attorney of New York County, 1901-1909.

),

JEROME OF PRAGUE (d. 1416), Bohemian religious reformer. He joined John Huss in his advocacy of Wyclif's views; arrested at Hirschau, 1415, and imprisoned at Constance; recanted, but abjured his recantation, and was burned at the stake, May 30, 1416.-See also BOHEMIA: 14051415.

JERONYMIANS. See BRETHREN OF THE COMMON LOT.

JERRAM, Sir Thomas Henry Martyn (1858- ), British admiral. Commanded a division at the battle of Jutland. See World War: 1916: IX. Naval operations: a, 3; a, 9. JERSEY, East and West. See NEW JERSEY: 1673-1682.

JERSEY AND GUERNSEY, Isles of.-"Jersey, Guernsey, and their fellows are simply that part of the Norman duchy which clave to its dukes when the rest fell away. Their people are those Normans who remained Normans while the rest stooped to become Frenchmen."-E. A. Freeman, Practical bearings of general European history (Lectures to American audiences, lect. 4). -""The institutions of the Channel Islands are of a very early date, and the people of the Islands appear to have at all times enjoyed much freedom and great privileges. Freedom, and an exemption from oppression are their birthright,

and the right of electing their Judges-the right, in fact, of self-government, under the protection and with the sanction of the Sovereign, the people have possessed from a very early period.' The Islands have never been represented in Parliament, and they have always looked to the Crown in Council, as possessing the supreme power over them.'. . . No Act of Parliament in which the islands are not mentioned by name applies to them, and the laws passed in the States, both of Jersey and Guernsey, go before the Privy Council, not Parliament, to be ratified. Curious remains of the Feudal System are incorporated in the present form of government. Jersey and the Bailwick of Guernsey are entirely separate in constitution and administration, though naturally in many ways their constitutions are alike. The constitution of Jersey is a democratic one. The States, or governing body of Jersey, in which is vested the legislative and financial power, appears to have existed from the beginning of the

JERSEY AND GUERNSEY

fourteenth century at least, though not mentioned by name as early as that. It doubtless consisted at first of Governor, Bailiff, and Jurats. [Rectors and Connétables were gradually called in to the Assembly.]... The States have the power to pass laws which may remain in force for three years; but if they are designed to be permanent they need the sanction of the Privy Council before coming into force. The States, then, consist of:the Bailiff, who is President. His duties now are purely civil, his principal task being to preside over the States and Cour Royale. He appears to have been originally synonymous with the Governor, and to have been styled gardien or, as in 1452, gardien et gouverneur. The office became a separate appointment in Jersey and Guernsey at the end of the thirteenth century; and the administration of justice has always remained in his hands. . . . The Lieut.-Governor, who has a right to sit and speak in the States, and has, moreover, the power of veto, but no vote. He represents the King, but his chief function appears to be, or to have been, the military government of the island. . . . The Bailiff has a power of dissent should the States act unconstitutionally. It would seem as if the one was guardian of the King's rights, and the other of the people's liberties. The office of Governor has been abolished, the powers of that office being now exercised by H. M.'s Treasury. . The twelve Jurats [judges] . . . are appointed for life by the whole body of Jersey men who have the vote. . . . A Jurat who is appointed either has to serve, or to pay a fine. Nor can he at any time simply resign his onerous post; he has first to prevail on the States to advise the Privy Council to grant an order allowing the resignation! . . . The constitution of Guernsey, a less democratic one than that of Jersey, is rather of the communal type, having a close resemblance in its privileges to the Cinque Ports. In 1341, and again in 1357, Edward III. confirmed the laws of the island; and in 1441 a document, called the Précepte d'Assize, was drawn up by the Bailiff and Jurats containing an abstract of their constitution. The original is unfortunately lost, but a copy made in 1489 exists. Time has naturally caused modifications and changes, but the Crown has never arbitrarily interfered with the constitution then defined. It is interesting to find that women have the suffrage here, inasmuch as they vote for deputies. But the suffrage is narrow, and the number of women voters small therefore, and it is impossible to tell what effect their vote has. Nominally people pay taxes on one quarter-about £25 capital-and this would carry the vote with it; but practically a habit has grown up of not directly taxing anyone possessing less than eight quarters. . . . Like Jersey, Guernsey has an honorary system under which the inhabitants are proud to give their services to the State in whatever capacity they may be useful. This system extends from the Jurats to the connétables or honorary police. Only the parishes of St. Peter Port, St. Martin, St. Sampson, and Vale employ paid police. . . . The office of Governor lapsed in 1835, his duties being carried out by the Lieut.-Governor, who represents the King. He sits in the States, having a right to speak, but no vote. The States, or governing body of Guernsey, takes two forms, the États d'élection, and the États de délibération. États d'élection is composed of the Bailiff, Jurats, Rectors, the two Connétables, the Douzeniers of each parish, and the nine Deputies. . . . Among the most interesting features of the Channel Is

The

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