The bulletin contains helpful suggestions as to the length of time necessary to acquire skill in the processes, to obtain some profit or loss or improvement from the project, to gain experience, to become familiar with problems of general management.

Specimen plans of a variety of projects are given, together with methods of relating school instruction with the practical home work. Supervision is for the purpose of encouragement and of assisting the pupil not only in the actual work itself but in becoming familiar with reference material and in arranging notebooks, which may, if properly made, contain useful information for future years.

Suggestive forms of accounts and records, diagrams of inspection blanks, report blanks for the State-supervisor survey forms are all found in the bulletin.

A memorandum approved by the Department of Agriculture and the Federal Board for Vocational Education completes the bulletin.

BULLETIN NO. 22.-COMMERCIAL EDUCATION SERIES NO. 1.-RETAIL

SELLING.

The type of commercial education that prepares for retail selling constitutes a great need, and merchants are realizing that some scientific knowledge of the business of selling is quite as important as that of production and manufacture. This bulletin makes available information that will enable boards of education and merchants to establish courses of study in high schools and stores for training in retail-selling vocations. It also points out the need for teachertraining courses and gives definite plans for the establishment of such courses. There are suggestions for organizing part-time courses for the benefit of those who have already entered employment with inadequate training.

The bulletin discusses the personnel of the retail establishment, emphasizing the importance of the employment of the right people as one of the first essentials in building up an efficient and permanent organization. Added to this right selection, the suggested training courses, and the proper understanding of the possibilities of promotion and adjustment of difficulties, the labor turnover will be greatly reduced and financial and economic waste to a great extent elimìnated. In addition to the discussion of the best ways to solve these problems, the bulletin discusses the wide range of opportunities in the various branches of the retail trade.

Plans for organization and detailed outlines for courses to be given in high schools and in stores and for teacher training are given.

The proper methods of training for retail selling in small towns follows the larger discussion of the methods applicable to the large department stores in cities.

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Economic advantages of training-the elimination of many costly errors, among others-first brought the merchant to advocate it, and schools followed with their support. In issuing this bulletin the Federal Board for Vocational Education hopes that many communities will find it useful in meeting the needs of a large group of commercial workers for whom in the past no adequate training has been given.

BULLETIN NO. 23.-HOME ECONOMICS SERIES NO. 1.

CLOTHING FOR THE

FAMILY.

Recognizing that the service of the home maker is a national one, and realizing the demand for training in order to make this service efficient, the Federal Board, in response to many requests for simple, direct help in this direction, offers this bulletin on " Clothing for the Family" as the first of a series upon subjects that will be helpful to home makers and prospective home makers.

It is to lead to a proper understanding of the economic and artistic standards to be observed, to develop judgment, and to aid in the campaign for the conservation of clothing that this bulletin has been prepared. It is hoped that it will be useful to the girl in school, in college, in business, as well as to the girl in home making, in solving the problem of how to purchase materials and to make and select garments appropriate to the needs of the family for sanitary, attractive, and economic clothing.

BULLETIN NO. 24.-COMMERCIAL EDUCATION SERIES NO. 2.-VOCATIONAL EDUCATION FOR FOREIGN TRADE AND SHIPPING.

The practical certainty of the great increase in our foreign trade after the war, and the possession of a large mercantile marine which may be utilized in the development of foreign commerce, emphasize the necessity of special training for those who will successfully compete with foreign merchants. Therefore, the Federal Board for Vocational Education, in cooperation with the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, has undertaken to furnish this technical education through a series of bulletins of which this one on "Foreign Trade and Shipping" is the beginning.

Short unit courses are outlined on the following subjects: Foreign trade technique, common selling method and practices, the mechanism of foreign trade, exchange, credit and banking, ocean transportation, marine insurance, trade routes, and foreign tariff and policies.

Specialized courses will be published later dealing with selected commerce areas which will be useful for those students who have the technical knowledge of foreign trade and who desire to know better the trade conditions and economic resources and the language of some one particular region.

MONOGRAPH NO. 1.-VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SERIES NO. 1.-TO THE DISABLED SOLDIER AND SAILOR IN THE HOSPITAL.

The first evidences of returning strength bring to the wounded soldier the realization of his handicap. This is the time when the Federal Board for Vocational Education wishes to get in touch with the man in the hospital and to lead him out of his discouragement into the consciousness of a useful life ahead of him.

This pamphlet is the effort of the Federal Board to bring to the disabled soldier and sailor in the hospital, at the earliest possible moment, the knowledge of the Government's offer to train him for the vocation best suited to his circumstances. It points the way and clears up the difficulties that may arise as he considers the acceptance of the offer. It encourages him to undertake the training by telling of others like him who have benefited by such courses.

It discusses the plans for advisement and assistance in selecting a course of training for the man who wants a new job, because he can not go back to his old job, or for the man who wants a new job, because he had no old one to go back to. Training for any occupation suitable to any man with any disability is included in the list of courses given by the Federal Board.

The pamphlet informs the soldier of the allowances for his support and those for the maintenance of his family given during his period of training. It explains the intentions of the Board to secure for him some permanent employment and the continued interest to be shown in follow-up work, in order to protect him from mistakes and exploitation.

It is the purpose of the Federal Board in this monograph to prove to him that handicaps may be made helps rather than hindrances if he has the will to make them so.

STATISTICAL REPORT.

Detailed statistical returns made to the Federal Board by State boards for vocational education covering the year ended June 30, 1918, are tabulated in the general tables following.

NUMBER OF SCHOOLS REPORTING VOCATIONAL COURSES.

In the aggregate data are reported for 1,741 schools which conducted vocational courses during the year. This does not mean that 1,741 different communities reported vocational schools or classes, but that enrollment data were reported for 1,741 schools. Where, for example, a community reported an all-day trade or industrial school and also separately a part-time trade or industrial school, it has been counted as reporting two schools. Generally schools for

which data were separately reported have been counted as schools, even where two or more schools or school centers of the same general type have been reported by one community.

Schools were reported from every State, the number ranging by States from 1 in South Dakota to 393 in Pennsylvania. The geographical distribution by regions and States, of different types of schools reported—including agricultural, trade and industrial allday and evening, home economics all-day and evening, and part-time schools-is shown in Table 5.

TEACHER-TRAINING CENTERS.

Teacher-training courses for teachers of vocational agriculture were given in 40 educational institutions, for teachers of trade or industrial subjects in 45 institutions, and for teachers of home economics in 60 institutions. These several totals do not of course represent in the aggregate different institutions, since in many cases institutions setting up training courses for vocational teachers covered two and in some cases all three of the several fields of vocational instruction. Teacher-training centers were reported from all but six States. In table 5 the number of training centers in each State is given for each type of instruction.

NUMBER OF TEACHERS OF VOCATIONAL COURSES.

Teachers of vocational courses in the 1,741 schools reporting vocational work numbered 5,257. (See Table 6.) Of these 895 were teachers of agricultural subjects, 3,276 were teachers of trade or industrial subjects, and 1,086 were teachers of home-economics subjects. There may be in these totals some duplication, teachers of allday schools being returned in some cases as teachers also in parttime or evening schools, where several types of trade, industrial, or home-economics schools are reported from the same community. For any given type of school, however, the figures given are free of duplications and represent accurately the teaching force engaged in giving the specified type of instruction.

TEACHER-TRAINING TEACHERS.

Institutions which had set up teacher-training courses reported 524 teachers of such courses, including 116 for agricultural, 95 for trade or industrial, and 263 for home-economics teacher training, and 50 teachers not classified in the returns, according to course of instruction given. (See Table 6.)

ENROLLMENT IN VOCATIONAL COURSES.

An aggregate enrollment of 164,186 pupils was reported by the 1,741 vocational schools, the enrollment in part-time schools being 53,005, in evening trade or industrial schools 45,985, in evening home economics schools 22,360, in all-day trade or industrial schools 18,528, in agricultural schools 15,187, and in all-day home economics schools 8,333. Enrollment for part-time courses was largely in the North Atlantic States, although the East Central States reported 6,398 pupils in such courses. Only 29 of the 30,693 home-economics pupils were males. Of the 15,187 agricultural pupils 1,286 were females. Of the part-time pupils 32,605 were males and 20,400 were females. (See Table 7.)

In courses for training teachers of vocational agriculture an enrollment of 1,534 pupils was reported; in trade and industrial teacher-training courses an enrollment of 1,091, and in home economics 3,319. Including 635 pupils not classified in the returns by course of study, the total enrollment in teacher-training courses was 6,579. (See Table 7.)

SCHOOLS AND TEACHER-TRAINING CENTERS APPLYING FOR AID.

A total of 1,810 schools applied for aid during the year, and of these 1,415 were approved and 395 were not approved. The number of teacher-training centers applying for aid was 89, of which 83 were approved and 6 were not approved. (See Table 8.)

STATE DIRECTORS AND SUPERVISORS.

State directors and supervisors numbered 139, of whom 54 were reimbursed in part out of Federal funds, 36 were paid out of State funds only, 13 out of local funds only, and 8 out of State and local funds only, source of salary not being reported in the case of 28 supervisors and directors. (See Table 9.) These State officers were paid in the aggregate $241,081.71 of which amount $40,842.28 was paid back out of Federal money. (See Table 10.)

REGIONAL SUMMARY OF STATISTICAL RETURNS BY STATES.

In Table 1 regional totals have been assembled from State tables showing for each region number of schools of each type reporting Vocational courses; number of teacher-training centers for agriculture, trade and industry, and home economics; number of teachers of the several types of vocational courses; number of teacher-training teachers in agricultural, trade or industrial, and home-economics courses; number of pupils enrolled in different types of schools by