2

Answer. The language of the title of the act is broad enough to include home economics, and if the States have accepted the provision of the act by quoting its title, the board will deem such action an acceptance of the benefits for home economics as well as for the other vocational subjects.

IV. How far may successful experience in teaching home economics be accepted as a substitute for the training in that subject required as a qualification under the Smith-Hughes Act??

Answer. The Federal Board recognizes that in some States, at least, the new standards for qualification of teachers will be higher than those now required for certification and that schools have already made contracts with teachers for the school year 1917-18. Therefore, if the qualifications of teachers already employed approach the new standards and if these teachers can show successful experience in giving instruction in home economics of the character and grade for which the State board proposes to use Federal moneys, that experience may be accepted as a substitute. The State board, however, should require all such teachers to secure within a reasonable time the training necessary to meet the new standards.

APPENDIX B.

RULINGS AND DECISIONS OF THE FEDERAL BOARD.

The following are some of the rulings and decisions of the Federal Board for Vocational Education relative to institutions and work entitled to receive Federal assistance and those not so entitled. These rulings have been made subsequent to the publication of Bulletin No. 1. They are, for the most part, taken from letters written in answer to specific questions raised by the various State boards:

EVENING SCHOOLS AND CLASSES.

LENGTH OF COURSE.

Evening vocational classes are not interpreted as coming under the clause in section 11 which says "such part-time schools or classes shall provide for not less than 144 hours of classroom instruction per year." Evening classes are not limited by this clause but may be conducted for the benefit of men in industry for a shorter length of time than a total of 144 hours.

CHARACTER OF INSTRUCTION.

Classes in elementary mathematics for coal miners and beet-sugar factory workers could be considered as evening vocational classes only in case the instruction in mathematics is supplementary to the work these men were doing during the day. General instruction in evening school in mathematics for the purpose of improving the intelligence of workers or promoting general education could not be considered as vocational under the Smith-Hughes Act.

1 "An act to provide for the promotion of vocational education; to provide for cooperation with the States in the promotion of such education in agriculture and the trades and industries; to provide for the cooperation with the States in the preparation of teachers of vocational subjects; and to appropriate money and regulate its expenditure." (Title of Smith-Hughes Act.)

That the teachers of any trade or industrial subject in any State shall have at least the minimum qualifications for teachers of such subject determined upon for such State board, with the approval of the Federal Board for Vocational Education *." (Sec. 11.)

Instruction in English in evening-school classes would not be considered as supplementary to the daily occupation of persons employed in local railroad shops. The fact that the work in English did not parallel any other nightschool course and that no other opportunity to get such work is open to these persons would not alter the case.

WHO MAY BE ENROLLED,

In a night-school class in applied mathematics operating with the aid of Smith-Hughes funds, organized for railroad-shop apprentices, it is permissible to enroll boys engaged in other industries in these classes, provided the instruction is supplementary to the day employment not only of the railroad-shop apprentices but to the work of the boys from other industries who are enrolled in the class.

It is not permissible to enroll students whose daily work is not classed as industrial in an evening-school class in applied mathematics operating with the aid of Smith-Hughes funds. If students are not employed in industrial pursuits during the day, it would not be possible to use Federal funds for the aid of any evening-school classes in which these students were enrolled.

APPORTIONMENT OF FUNDS.

Funds apportioned to State for trade, home economics, and industrial education may be used for evening-school work for pupils over 16 years of age in which the instruction will be supplementary to the day employment. State board may apportion such part of fund for support of evening schools as it may decide to apportion, provided that the minimum one-third of the total fund is reserved for part-time work.

PART-TIME SCHOOLS AND CLASSES.

CLASSES FOR OUT-OF-WORK BOYS AND GIRLS.

Schools established for out-of-work boys and girls to give them instruction between employments are part-time or general continuation schools, and not day schools within the meaning of section 11 of the Smith-Hughes Act.

PUPILS NOT IN REGULAR HIGH-SCHOOL COURSES.

Classes for part-time pupils grouped by themselves and not included in the regular high-school courses may receive benefit of Smith-Hughes Act, provided instruction organized for them as a separate group and intended to enlarge the civic intelligence of workers. This will not include the giving of commercial education as trade extension or trade preparatory work.

GENERAL CONTINUATION INSTRUCTION NOT CHARGEABLE TO HOME ECONOMICS,

All general continuation classes, whether for boys or girls, are to be reimbursed from the fund for trade and industrial education. Salaries of teachers of general continuation classes, whether those classes be made up of boys or girls, or both, are not chargeable to the maximum 20 per cent allowable for home-economics education. The salaries of teachers of home-economics subjects are chargeable against the maximum 20 per cent which may be used for homeeconomics education.

For the purpose of encouraging the rapid development of part-time education and increasing the number, variety, and enrollment of part-time classes the

Federal Board has recently made some important rulings concerning section 11 of the Federal act. These rulings became effective July 1, 1918. The part of the section referred to reads as follows: "That at least one-third of the sum appropriated to any State for the salaries of teachers of trade, home economics, and industrial subjects shall, if expended, be applied to part-time schools or classes for workers over 14 years of age who have entered upon employment, and such subjects in a part-time school or class may mean any subject given to enlarge the civic or vocational intelligence of such workers over 14 and less than 18 years of age; that such part-time schools or classes shall provide for not less than 144 hours of classroom instruction per year."

Stimulated by a desire to meet the needs of a large group of workers who are entering upon employment without adequate preparation, as well as of those already at work, the Federal Board passed the following resolution interpreting the phrase "who have entered employment."

Where persons definitely scheduled for employment in a trade or industrial occupation, by a written agreement with the employer are given before being employed instruction in a class fitting them for advantageous entrance to such trade or industrial occupation, such class may be considered as a part-time class and Federal moneys may be used for its support, under the provisions of section 11 of the vocational education act. Such classes may also be open to those already employed, who may receive better preparation in the occupation they are already following, or promotional training for a new occupation.

NOTE.-1. Such part-time classes may be carried on at the school, in the shop, in classrooms adjoining the shop, in a building near the shop, or elsewhere. 2. The instruction may be either manipulative in processes, or related to processes, or both.

3. Reimbursement may be made from Federal funds for one-half the salary of the instructor employed in this work, including the coordinator.

4. The course may be given once, twice, or more times each year, or may be operated continuously.

5. The scheme of training adopted must establish the presumption at the outset that it will give advantageous preparation for or advancement in the occupation in which each pupil is to be employed.

The following resolutions were adopted by the Board from a broad point of view concerning the meaning which could be legitimately given to the phrase "and such subjects in a part-time school or class may mean any subject given to enlarge the civic or vocational intelligence of such workers over 14 and less than 18 years of age":

1. Federal moneys may be used in part-time schools and classes for the salaries of instructors in trade, home economics, industrial, commercial, and general education subjects, as provided hereunder.

2. Such part-time classes must be classes which divide the working day or school time between instruction and practical work in shop, factory, home, office, etc.

(Note by the director.—“ To divide" means here not to separate the working day and school time into two equal parts, but to apportion or distribute the total working day so that a portion of it is given to school instruction; or to apportion or distribute the total school time so that a portion of it is given to employment in shop, factory, home, or office, etc.)

3. The subjects taught must be such as are designed to "increase the civic or vocational intelligence of the pupil.".

4. Federal moneys may be used for reimbursement for part of the salary of an instructor only in cases where it is shown that the cost of such an instructor represents an addition to the expenditures of the school system in

curred because of the operation of such part-time classes over and above expenditures for regular classes.

5. Where such part-time pupils are taught in a regular day class already established so that the class does not represent an additional cost to the school system Federal moneys may not be used for the salary of the instructor of such a class.

6. Part-time schools or classes may be operated for persons over 14 years of age, without upper age limit, provided that the instruction given is designed for and suitable to enlarge the civic or vocational intelligence of workers over 14 and less than 18 years of age.

7. In the plans from the States two general groups of teachers shall be recognized and qualifications set up for under part-time schools or classes:

(a) Teachers of subjects designed to enlarge the civic intelligence. (b) Teachers of subjects designed to enlarge the vocational intelligence. In case of teachers in group (b) qualifications shall be set up for each separate line of vocations, namely, trade and industrial, commercial, and home economics, or other vocational lines in which instruction is to be given.

All classes must be organized according to the following provisions:
First. That the class is under public supervision and control.
Second. That the controlling purpose is to fit for useful employment.
Third. That all instruction is of less than college grade.

Fourth. That the instruction shall be for persons over 14 years of age.

Fifth. That every dollar of Federal funds expended for salaries of teachers is matched by a dollar of State or local money, or both.

Sixth. That the class provides for not less than 144 hours of instruction each year.

Seventh. That all the other requirements of section 11 of the Federal vocational education act must be observed.

TEACHER TRAINING,

PURPOSE OF COURSES.

It is the duty of State board to so adjust the teacher-training work that the money will be expended in the main for the preparation of those who are to teach in the vocational schools, and not for the training of teachers of home economics or of agriculture in general.

QUALIFICATIONS OF INSTRUCTORS.

Federal board has up to the present set up no qualifications for persons giving the teacher-training work. This has been a matter left open for adjustment with the various State boards.

PAYMENT DIRECT BY STATE BOARD.

In cases where teacher training is carried on directly by State board and persons engaged in work are in the employ of State board, expenditures may be made directly from Federal funds, provided each expenditure is matched dollar for dollar with expenditures from State funds for the same purpose.

PAYMENT AS REIMBURSEMENT.

Institutions carrying on teacher-training work must pay those engaged in teacher training and then claim reimbursement from State board in the same way that districts hiring teachers make claim for reimbursement. State board should not pay directly persons employed by institutions for teacher

training work. Money should always be paid the institution as reimbursement for expenditures already made.

TEACHERS OF AGRICULTURE.

Training of teachers of earpentry, blacksmithing, and the like can not be considered training teachers of agriculture, although teachers of agriculture might be given some instruction in blacksmithing and carpentry.

REIMBURSEMENT FOR EXPENDITURES IN THE MAINTENANCE OF TEACHER TRAINING.

Charges for light, heat, rent, and janitor service are not allowed unless it can be clearly shown that the expenditures are specifically and solely for the maintenance of the teacher-training work and not a mere prorating of expenses which would ordinarily be borne by the institution in the regular course of its instruction.

Section 17 of the act says: "No portion of any moneys appropriated under this act for the benefit of the States shall be applied directly or indirectly to the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings or equipment." It is, therefore, necessary to distinguish between equipment which may not be paid for in any part from Federal funds and supplies which may be paid for in part from Federal funds in connection with teacher training. Equipment.-Any physical object, exclusive of structures supposed to last year after year with reasonable use. All furniture, apparatus, tools, machinery, lighting and plumbing fixtures, books, typewriters, filing cabinets, lantern slides, charts, or any other article of durable material which is expected to last year after year when used reasonably.

Supplies. Any material or article the use of which results in the physical consumption of the thing used. This excludes the notion of the continued use for year after year of the same article or piece of property, as the case with tools, machines, furniture, and apparatus, which are equipment. The use of paper, chemicals, brooms, brushes, chart cloth, ink, notebooks, seeds, fertilizers, etc., actually destroys the substances or uses them up, hence they are classified as supplies.

No charge is to be made to students for supplies which have been paid for in part from Federal funds. Federal funds may not be used for the purchase of supplies which are manufactured into a commercial product; that is, Federal funds may not be used for the purchase of foodstuffs which are used for the manufacture of foods to be sold in a cafeteria or lunch room,

REIMBURSEMENT.

A QUALIFYING SCHOOL.

If a school or class can in good faith be brought before the close of the current year to a point where it meets all the requirements of the State and Federal boards, reimbursement may be made for the work of the entire year or such part of the year as the work may have been under way.

STATE BOARD MUST SHOW STATE EXPENDITURES.

Since the legitimate expenditure of all moneys apportioned to the States under the Smith-Hughes Act is conditioned upon the expenditure of a dollar of State or local money, or both, for each dollar of Federal money expended, it will be necessary for the State board to make an accounting not only of the

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