12. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence.

13. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound, by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

14. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

15. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

16. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

17. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or thing to be seized.

18. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger: nor shall any per

son be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

19. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence.

20. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

21. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

22. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

23. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

24. The Judicial Power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

The laws of the United States are of two-fold character, corresponding with the nature of the government; and are general or federal laws, and state laws. The general laws consist of the constitution of the United States, acts of Congress and public treaties. The state laws consist of the state constitutions, the acts of the state legislatures, and the common laws of the respective states, which last are generally founded upon the common law of England.

REVENUE AND Expenditures.-The revenue of the United States consists principally of the customs, being duties on the imports and tonnage; and from public lands. There is sometimes an excess of revenue over the expenditure of the post-office department, and some incidental receipts, but they are trifling. The government also holds $7,000,000 of United States Bank Stock, and is entitled to draw the dividends thereon. The expenditures consist of, 1st. The expenses of the civil government, being the pay of the members of congress, at the rate of eight dollars per day for the time they are in session, and the salaries of the president, heads of departments, public officers, and clerks in the several departments, judges, district attorneys, and all the public officers of the United States; expenses of ambassadors, foreign consuls, &c. called diplomatic; and miscellaneous expenses of different kinds. 2d. Military service, including fortifications, ordnance, &c. revolutionary, military, and Indian pensions, arming the militia, &c. 3d. Naval service, including new ships of war, repairs, navy yards, &c. 4th. Interest on the public debt. In 1821 the revenue and expenditures were nearly as follows:

Customs,
Public lands,

REVENUE.

$13,068,000 1,031,000

PUBLIC PROPERTY AND PUBLIC DEBT.-The public property consists principally of the public lands, which are very valuable; the United States lots at Washington; the public buildings, fortifications, arsenals, arms, ships of war, &c. The aggregate is of immense value; but we shall confine this view to a valuation of that part only which is calculated to bring money into the public treasury. The United States hold all the unsold lands, with certain reservations, in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and in the Michigan, North West, Missouri, and Arkansas. territories. The extent and value may be estimated as follows:

* In 1825, the revenue amounted to $26,781,444.

$141,250,000

The purchase of Florida cost five millions of dollars, and it may be estimated that the lands in it are worth that sum,

In addition to the public lands valued above, the United States hold the preemption right* of immense tracts of land, extending over several of the states and territories mentioned, and of the great territory of Missouri. The aggregate is not less than one thousand millions of acres, but no value is fixed upon it.

The lots in Washington may be estimated

5,000,000

$146,250,000

250,000

* The pre-emption right means the exclusive right of purchasing from the

Indians.