trict is capital, to enable the miners to prospect their lodes and erect smelting furnaces for the working of their ores on the spot, and thus save the heavy freightage now paid on crude matter to Salt Lake City.

The Mount Neho district eighty miles, the Sevier district two hundred miles, south of Salt Lake City, and the Meadow Valley district two hundred and forty miles southwest of Salt Lake City, are rich in minerals.

Mr. Kelsey's statements are indorsed by Messrs. Gould & Woodward, Walker Brothers, Kimball & Lawrenc, Godbe & Co., Marshall & Carter, and Kahn Brothers, merchants of Salt Lake City, and by Vernon H. Vaughn, the governor, and C. H. Hempstead, the United States attorney of the Territory.

Estimate of costs of mining ores in West Mountain district, Salt Lake County, Territory of Utah, reported by Eli B. Kelsey, December 20, 1870.

Population of district, 400 souls; wages of first-class miners, $3 per day; wages of second-class miners, $2 50 per day; wages of surface laborers, $2 per day; cost of lumber, $4 per 100 feet; cost of mining timber, $6 per cord; cost of common powder, $5 per keg; cost of quicksilver, 80 cents per pound; cost of freight from Salt Lake City, $15 per ton; cost of fuel, wood, $4 per cord; mining cost per ton of ore, $5 per ton, (average facilities poor from total want of machinery ;) depth of mines, from 100 to 400 feet; character of rock, etc., granite, quartzite, and hornblende; reduction, smelting a failure as yet-no mills.

REMARKS.-Our mining developments are yet in their infancy. The number of mineral veins is very great, with well-defined wall-rocks in all those yet worked. Veins from one foot to fifty feet in thickness. The mines in Bingham Cañon and its tributaries, which comprise the West Mountain mining district, are mostly base-metal mines, carrying from 10 ounces to 150 ounces of silver to the ton of 2,000 pounds. There are several mineral veins of gold and silver bearing quartz, none of which are developed to any considerable extent; one of them, the Silesia, gives an average assay of $50 per ton. There are no stampmills in the Territory except one or two small ones in Meadow Valley. A great number of quartz-mills are contracted for, to be delivered here in the spring, mostly for East Cañon, Rush Valley, fifty miles southwest of Salt Lake City.

Messrs. Walker Brothers report having shipped during the six months ending December 31, 1870, 4,200 tons of galena ores, of an average assay value of 35 per cent. of lead and $182 in silver per ton, the net value being $125 per ton. Almost all of this was from the Emma mine. The following are the prices reported in January, 1871, as paid in Salt Lake City by California buyers for Utah ores: Ore containing 50 ounces silver and 30 per cent. lead, per ton, $22; 50 ounces silver and 40 per cent. lead, per ton, $30 60; 50 ounces silver and 50 per cent. lead, per ton, $38; 50 ounces silver and 60 per cent. lead, per ton, $45; 50 ounces silver and 70 per cent. lead, per ton, $53; 50 ounces silver and 80 per cent. lead, per ton, $61.

In addition to the above rates, $10 per ton, additional, is paid for each 10 ounces of silver over 50 ounces per ton. Every tenth sack of ore is crushed and sampled for assay, and the ore is paid for as soon as assayed. This ore is all shipped to San Francisco and is there smelted, and the lead as well as the silver is made a marketable commodity.

Almost all the Utah ores have, however, been, up to the end of 1870, shipped east over the Union Pacific. The amount is given by the San Francisco Scientific Press as follows:

Which must, however, include shipments of ores and matte from Colorado, and perhaps Nevada.

I am indebted to Mr. Charles Smith, of the Emma Silver Mining Company, for the following statement of shipments of ore and bullion over the Utah Central Railroad, from January 13, 1870, to December 31, 1870. These figures are taken from the way-bill records of the road, by courteous permission of D. O. Calder, esq.

2,968 tons of ore were shipped east to Chicago, Boston, Newark, and New York.

2,325 tons of ore were shipped west to San Francisco, Reno, and Truckee.

Total, 5, 293 tons of ore.

The bullion shipments of the same period were 2 tons to England, and 6 tons to San Francisco.

These totals may seem small to some, but it must be remembered that the Emma Silver Mining Company, which forwarded the largest portion of it, did not commence shipping until July, 1870: These shipments are therefore really the product of six months, rather than a year.

Estimating the value of the ore shipped at $182 per ton (the value of the 4,200 tons shipped by Walker & Co. from the Emma mine) and that of the bullion at $400 per ton, we have $966,726 as the probable value of the shipments by railroad. Allowing, further, $300,000 for the gold of Bingham Cañon, and a small sum for private shipments not waybilled, we have, as the probable product of Utah, for the year 1870, the sum of $1,300,000. In this estimate the Meadow Valley mines are not included, as they are now generally acknowledged to lie within the boundary of Nevada.

A correspondent writing from Salt Lake early in the autumn thus reviews the mining field:

Utah makes quite a show in the way of minerals. Iron ore is known to exist in several places in large amounts. In Iron County works were built in 1852, and a small quantity of ore was smelted, but want of proper fuel compelled a suspension of operations. The Union Iron Company had two furnaces in operation in January, 1869, and one in the course of construction. Coal has been found in quite extensive beds, but principally in the neighborhood of Coalville, Summit County. Copper, lead, silver, zinc, and sulphur occur, and different sorts of building stone abound. The mines at the Little and the Big Cottonwood Cañons, twenty-eight miles southeast of Salt Lake City, are the center of the present mining excitement. Communication is had with these places by a stage, which runs three times a week. The largest mine at Little Cottonwood is the Emina ledge, located in August, 1868. In July, thirty-one car-loads of ore were shipped from the ledge, and that month upward of $3,000 were paid for hauling. The cost of transportation (by team to Salt Lake City, and thence by rail) to New Jersey, and the expenses of treatment, amount to $90 per ton, but the ore sent averages, I am told, nearly $200 per ton. There are twenty men employed here extracting the rock, of which some fifteen tons are obtained daily. A tunnel is

being run in to tap the main shaft, which is down about 200 feet. I send you a speci men of the ore. There are other promising locations, as the North Star, owned by Bruno & Co., and the Western State, which takes out some twenty tons weekly. Not far off, over the ridge, is Big Cottonwood Cañon. Here the Empire Tunnel Company propose torun a tunnel in toward Little Cottonwood. Here are also the Wellington, Theresa, Davenport, and other leads. The general formation is limestone. Mr. C. L. Stevenson, who has lately visited the various mining districts, gives me the following approximate product of the different mining localities during the month of July. The average value of ore exported was about $105 per ton:

Smelting works.-Messrs. Woodhull Brothers have built a furnace here, and have made the first run of this Territory. This run created, naturally, considerable excitement here. The result was a production of 5,000 pounds of bullion in thirty-six hours. This assays about $500 to the ton in silver. The metal was hauled to town, and stocked up in front of the Elephant store, where it attracted large numbers of people who were curious to see the pioneer bars of Utah. The Woodhull Works are capable of working about ten tons daily. Mr. Milton Robbins is about to put up smelting works. He will have the able assistance of Mr. Charles C. Ruegar, who will take the active management and the construction of the furnaces in hand. Mr. Ruegar has studied in Germany, and has spent considerable time among the mines of California. He appears to be well fitted for his work. Mr. Leopold Balbach, a consin of the Balbach Brothers, of Newark, New Jersey, has been visiting the mines of Utah, and was so impressed with their extent and richness that he telegraphed to parties East (he tells me) that he thinks best to erect smelting works in the valley, and these are to be put up. There are others here who engage in buying ores, and the mines are attracting persons from different quarters. There seems to be every reason to suppose that Utah contains valuable mineral deposits, and probably these will be developed quite extensively henceforth.

The facts seem to be that the most productive mines working up to the close of 1870 are masses or "stock-works" of argentiferous galena in limestone; that the business of mining and reducing or shipping the ores is one that requires considerable capital; and that the abundance of supplies, cheapness of labor, and facility of transportation render this a highly inviting field for operations on a large scale. That the sanguine expectations of the owners of thousands of locations will be fulfilled, it would be foolish to predict; but it cannot be denied that the actual progress already made, and the favorable economic conditions attending the new industry, give unusually good ground, even for speculative anticipations.

CHAPTER VII.

ARIZONA.

The present chapter is based chiefly upon the notes of Mr. A. Eilers, my deputy, who has also arranged and edited the material contained in it from other sources. Besides those citizens to whom Mr. Eilers acknowledges in these pages his indebtedness for valuable assistance, thanks are due in an especial manner to Hon. Richard C. McCormick, delegate of the Territory in Congress, who contributed in many ways, including advice, information, time, personal exertions, and money, to facilitate the examinations which Mr. Eilers was charged to make. Without the influential and energetic support of Mr. McCormick, and, I should add, of Hon. A. P. K. Safford, the public-spirited governor of the Territory, it would have been vain to attempt so laborious and perilous a task with the time and means at my disposal.

The act of February 24, 1863, creating the Territory of Arizona, describes it as comprising all the United States lands west of the one hundred and ninth degree of longitude to the California line, which, before that time, had belonged to the Territory of New Mexico. Since then the portion of Pah-Ute County lying west of the Colorado River has been ceded to Nevada, but at the present writing it has not been legally accepted by that State, and the inhabitants are in favor of reunion with Arizona. Presuming, however, this cession to be an accomplished fact, the present boundaries of the Territory are as follows: On the east, the one hundred and ninth meridian of longitude; on the west, the Colorado River, except above the big bend of that river, where the one hundred and fourteenth meridian of longitude forms the western line; on the north, the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude; on the south, the boundary line between the United States and Mexico.

The total area of the Territory is given as 105,120 square miles. It joins on the west California and Nevada; on the north Nevada and Utah; on the east New Mexico; and on the south the State of Sonora, of the Mexican republic.

Arizona is divided into five counties, Yuma and Pima in the southern, and Pah-Ute, Mohave, and Yavapai in the northern and middle portions of the Territory. Yavapai is by far the largest county, and its northern and eastern parts are almost unknown at the present time. Prospecting parties have, from time to time, ventured to enter these regions, but were invariably driven back by the hostile Indians before penetrat ing far into the interior, and Government expeditions have only in a few instances penetrated small belts of that domain. The whole vast Territory of Arizona is drained by one single river and its tributaries, the Colorado of the West. This river is formed by the junction of the Green and Grand Rivers, which join in the southern part of Utah Territory, and rise, the one in the Rocky Mountains, a short distance north of the Great South Pass, the other in the Middle Park of Colorado Territory. The Colorado River, although it drains an enormous area, and sends a vast body of water to the Gulf of California, is only navigable for a distance of about five hundred miles, and here only for boats drawing very little water. It has a very rapid current, and carries along large masses of the soft materials that form the greater portion of its banks from its mouth to the

Black Cañon and those of its tributaries in the Territories above. Thus the navigable channel is often changed entirely in a single night, and the greatest care is required to run steamboats on it successfully. Broad strips of bottom-land skirt its lower part on both banks, with the exception of a few miles, where mountain ranges, such as the Monument Mountains and the Needles, approach to the water's edge.

The principal tributaries of the Colorado, in Arizona, are the Colorado Chiquito or Flax River, the Diamond River, Bill Williams' Fork, into which the Santa Maria River empties, and the Gila, with its affluents, the Rio Salinas, Rio Verde, the San Carlos, and San Pedro. The Santa Cruz from the south, and the Agua Frio and Hassayampa Rivers from the north, sink in the dry plains before they reach the Gila.

The climate of the Territory is like neither that of the Atlantic States nor that of the Pacific coast, but rather stands between the two, exhibiting peculiarities of both. While in the portion south of the Gila River and along the trough of the Colorado River an excessively hot and dry atmosphere prevails, relieved only by the semi-annual showers of January and July, the middle and northeastern parts of Arizona enjoy a climate very similar to that of the South Atlantic States. As a natural consequence, the vegetation of Southern and Western Arizona is scanty and limited to a few genera, such as cactus, aloe, artemisia, palo verde, iron-wood, and mesquite, which can sustain themselves on a parched soil and under the rays of an almost tropical sun. The bottom-lands of the rivers are, of course, an exception to this, the increased moisture and richer soil supporting here a luxurious growth of cottonwood, willow, mesquite, arrow-weed, and many different kinds of nutritious grasses. The middle and northeastern portions of Arizona are made up of elevated plateaus and an extensive system of mountain ranges, and here a more varied vegetation prevails. The heat is here never oppressive, and even during the hottest summer months the thermometer does not rise any higher than in the Blue Ridge in the Southern States. Greater moisture in the atmosphere stimulates the growth of magnificent pine and cedar forests, and the soil is everywhere covered with beautiful flowers and nutritious grasses. Ash, walnut, cherry, willow, cotton-wood, and many other forest-trees grow along the course of the streams, and large oak-trees are seen on the very tops of some of the highest mountains in the Sierra Prieta.

The agricultural resources of Arizona have been underrated. It is true, the greater portion of the "Gadsden purchase" is made up of sterile waste; of great, sandy plains, and "mal pais" plateaus, in which the "Lost Mountain" ranges can be seen days before the traveler is able to reach them. But even here the valleys of the Colorado, the Gila, the Santa Cruz, San Pedro, Arivaypa, and San Simon contain thousands of acres of the most fertile bottom-lands, which need only irrigation to make them yield abundant harvests. This has been demonstrated in the present generation by the settlers of the Gila, in the neighborhood. of Florence and Adamsville, and those of the Salt River Valley, at Phoenix and vicinity, as it was proved centuries ago by the aborigines of that country-now an extinct race. Indeed, the remnants and monuments of that former civilization are so abundant all over Arizona as to leave no doubt that all this vast region was once thickly inhabited by an industrious and thriving agricultural people. The Pima Indians, living at present upon their large reservation near the mouth of the Salt River and along both banks of the Gila above that point, claim that the great "casas," and the large irrigating canals, unmistakable evi- 1 dence of which still abounds all over the Territory, were constructed by:d

H. Ex. 10-15