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as they shall deem expedient, not incompatible with the Constitution and laws of the United States.

SEC. 2. Officers of the militia shall be elected or ap- Officers. pointed in such manner as the Legislature shall from time

to time direct, and shall be commissioned by the Gov

ernor.

call out the

SEC. 3. The Governor shall have power to call forth Governor to the militia to execute the laws of the State, to suppress militia. insurrections, and repel invasions.

ARTICLE VIII.

STATE DEBTS.

SECTION 1. Restriction on the legislative power to contract debts.

on the

power to

debts.

SECTION 1. The Legislature shall not in any manner Restriction create any debt or debts, liability or liabilities, which legislative shall, singly or in the aggregate, with any previous debts contract or liabilities, exceed the sum of three hundred thousand dollars, except in case of war, to repel invasion, or suppress insurrection, unless the same shall be authorized by some law for some single object or work, to be distinctly specified therein, which law shall provide ways and means, exclusive of loans, for the payment of the interest of such debt or liability as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt or liabil ity within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof, and shall be irrepealable until the principal and interest thereon shall be paid and discharged; but no such law shall take effect until, at a general election, it shall have been submitted to the people and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against it at such election; and all money raised by authority of such law shall be applied only to the specific object therein stated, or to the payment of the debt thereby created; and such law shall be published in at least one newspaper in each Judicial District, if one be published therein, throughout the State, for three months next preceding the election at which it is submitted to the people.

NOTE. This Article is mandatory. All debts contracted in violation of it are void, and the Legislature has no power to levy a tax or to appropriate money to pay them. Claims outstanding contracted in defiance of this Article can be legalized by being submitted to a vote of the people, and in no other manner.-Nougues vs. Douglass, 7 Cal., p. 65. This Article applies only to the State as a corporation, and does not prevent the State authorizing counties or municipal corporations to create debts or the Legislature authorizing the local authorities to aid in the construction of railroads.-Pattison vs. Board of Supervisors of Yuba, 13 Cal., p. 175. This Article was intended to prevent the State from running into debt and to keep her expenditures within her revenues. As to what is the creation of a debt within the meaning of this Article, see State vs. McCauley, 15 Cal., p. 429. Appropriations, when they do not create a State debt.-People v. Pacheco, 27 Cal., p. 209; Koppikus vs. State Capitol Commissioners, 16 Cal., p. 248. The power to determine when a state of war exists is vested in the Legislative Department, and its determination is not subject to review.People vs. Pacheco, 27 Cal., p. 221. The Political Department is the sole judge of the existence of war or insurrection, and when the Legislature declares either to exist, its action is final and conclusive.-Franklin vs. Board of Examiners, 23 Cal., p. 173. No limitation is imposed upon the amount of State indebtedness which may be created by the Legislature in case of war, to repel invasion, or suppress insurrection.-Franklin vs. Board of Examiners, 23 Cal., p. 173.

Superintendent of Public Instruction

ARTICLE IX.

EDUCATION.

SECTION 1. Superintendent of Public Instruction.

2. Duties of Legislature to promote and encourage education. Proceeds of school lands. School Fund.

3. To provide a system of common schools.

4. University Fund-how created, managed, and applied.

SECTION 1. A Superintendent of Public Instruction shall, at the special election for judicial officers to be held in the year eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and every four years thereafter, at such special elections, be elected by the qualified voters of the State, and shall

enter upon the duties of his office on the first day of December next after his election.

ture to

education.

lands.

SEC. 2. The Legislature shall encourage, by all suitable Legislameans, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and promote agricultural improvement. The proceeds of all lands. that may be granted by the United States to this State School for the support of schools, which may be sold or disposed of, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an Act of Congress distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved A. D. one thousand eight hundred and forty-one, and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a perpetual Fund, the interest of which, together with all the School rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the Legislature may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the State.

NOTE.-Crosby vs. Lyon, 37 Cal., p. 243, was a proceeding under the 49th title of the Practice Act, to obtain a writ of mandamus, commenced by the Superintendent of Common Schools for the County of Placer against the Auditor of that county, to compel him to apportion to the School Fund of that county certain moneys derived from certain taxes levied by the Board of Supervisors upon the property of the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California for the support of common schools.

The petition shows that for the year 1868 the Board of Supervisors levied a tax of eighteen cents upon each one hundred dollars of taxable property in the county. for the support of common schools. That under this levy there was collected of the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California the sum of one thousand and thirty-four dollars and twelve cents, which is now in the Treasury of the county. That it is the duty of the respondent to apportion this sum to the School Fund, yet he neglects and refuses to do so.

The respondent admits the refusal, and justifies it under the provisions of the 18th section of "An Act to authorize the County of Placer to subscribe to the capital stock of the Central Pacific Railroad Company of

Fund.

California, and to provide for the payment of the same, and other matters relating thereto" (Stats. 1863, p. 145), which, as he claims, requires him to apportion the money in question to the Railroad Fund for which that Act provides.

That Act authorizes the county to subscribe and take two hundred and fifty thousand dollars of the stock of the railroad company, to be paid for in the bonds of the county. It then makes provisions for the issuing and redemption of the bonds, and to that end creates what is denominated a "Railroad Fund," to which all the dividends, issues, and profits arising from such subscription, "together with the taxes that may be paid by said company to said county from time to time," are apportioned, until such time as the bonds shall be redeemed, after which one half of the dividends, issues, and profits is to be apportioned to the School Fund and the other to the General Fund.Sec. 18.

Assuming that "the taxes" here spoken of include all taxes to be paid by the railroad company, irrespective of the purpose for which they may have been levied, it is argued that the statute, so far as it operates upon the school tax, is repugnant to the Constitution. The point is founded chiefly upon Section 2 of Article IX of the Constitution, which provides that "the Legislature shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement. The proceeds of all lands that may be granted by the United States to this State for the support of schools, which may be sold or disposed of, and the five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an Act of Congress distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved A. D. 1841, and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leaving a will or heir, and also such per cent as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a perpetual Fund, the interest of which, together with all the rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the Legislature may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the State."

The clause of this section upon which the petitioner especially relics is the following: "And such other means as the Legislature may provide, shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the State."

The second section of the Ninth Article of our Constitution is copied from the second section of the Tenth Article of the original Constitution of Iowa, which is the third section of the Ninth Article of the amended Constitution of that State.

The meaning of the clause in question arose in the case of The District Township of the City of Dubuque vs. The County Judge of Dubuque County, 13 Iowa, p. 250, and it was held that the expression "and such other means as the General Assembly may provide," ex vi termini, included any other funds than those previously named which the Legislature might provide, and therefore included funds to be raised by taxation. And it was accordingly held that the money in question must be distributed according to another provision of the amended Constitution of that State, which required that the money subject to the support and maintenance of common schools should be distributed to the school districts in proportion to the number of youths between the ages of five and twenty-one years; and further, that a provision of the School Law, which authorized the distribution upon a different principle, was unconstitutional. This case determines that whenever the Legislature raises a fund, by taxation or otherwise, for the support of common schools, it cannot, by contemporaneous or subsequent legislation, divert the fund to a different purpose; and we think no other rational view can be taken of the language of the Constitution. It is suggested, however, on the part of the respondent, that the " means intended were not such as might be raised by annual taxation, but such as might be made continuing and permanent, like the funds already specified. We are unable to perceive any warrant for such a construction, nor can we adopt it without adding words which the Constitution does not contain. The language is very broad"such other means as the Legislature may provide "— and we are not authorized to limit its scope. Under the School Law, the Legislature provided that the Boards of Supervisors should have power to levy a tax, not to exceed a specified sum, for the support of common schools in their respective counties, and, by force of the constitutional provision in question, the money, when collected, becomes "inviolably appropriated" to school purposes. We can draw no other conclusion from the language which has been employed in the Constitution. If, however, it be insisted that

53-VOL. II.-POL.

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