Eusebius among the poets who wrote before the time of Moses. Diodorus Siculus tells us, from Dionysius of Mitylene the historian, who was contemporary with Cicero, that Linus was the first among the Greeks who invented verses and music, as Cadmus first taught them letters. He likewise attributes to him an account of the exploits of the first Bacchus, and a treatise upon Greek mythology, written in Pelasgian characters, which were also those used by Orpheus, and by Pranopidas the preceptor of Homer. Diodorus says that he added the string lichanos to the Mercurian lyre, and ascribes to him the invention of rhyme and melody; which Suidas, who regards him as the most ancient of lyric poets, confirms. Mr. Marpurg tells us, that Linus invented cat-gut strings for the use of the lyre which, before his time was only strung with thongs of leather, or with different threads of flax strung together. He had several disciples of great fame; among whom were Hercules, Thamyris, and, some add, Orpheus. Hercules, says Diodorus, in learning from Linus to play upon the lyre, being extremely dull and obstinate, provoked his master to strike him; which so enraged him that instantly seizing the lyre of the musician, he beat out his brains with his own instrument.

LION, n. s. Fr. lion; Span. leon; Ital. LI'ON ESS. leone, lione: Lat. leo. A species of FELIS. See below.

So a lioun of the lynage of iuda, the roote of dauide, hath ouercomen to opene the book, and to undo the sevene seelis of it. Wiclif. Apoc. 5. The lion did tear in pieces enough for his whelps, and strangled for his lionesses, and filled his holes with prey, and his dens with ravin. Nahum ii. 12.

Be lion mettled; proud, and take no care Who chafes, who frets, or where conspirers are; Macbeth shall never vanquished be. Shakspeare. Macbeth. Under which bush's shade, a lioness Lay couching head on ground, with catlike watch, When that the sleeping man should stir.

Camden's Remains.

Shakspeare. King Richard's surname was Coeur-de-Lion, for his lion-like courage. The sphinx, a famous monster in Egypt, had the face of a virgin, and the body of a lion. Peacham on Drawing. The furious lioness, Forgetting young ones, through the fields doth roar. May. It hath ever been the fashion of God, to exercise his champions with some initiatory encounters: both Sampson and David must first fight with lions, then with Philistines; and he, whose type they bore, meets with that roaring lion of the wilderness, in the very threshold of his public charge. Bp. Hall.

The lion for the honours of his skin, The squeezing crab, and stinging scorpion shine For aiding heaven, when giants dared to brave The threatened stars. Creech's Manilius.

Breaking away impetuous, and involves
Within its sweep trees, houses, men, he pressed,
Amidst the thickest battle.
Phillips.

If we may believe Pliny, lions do, in a very severe manner, punish the adulteries of the lioness. Ayliffe.

LION, in zoology. See FELIS. The lion is frequently hunted for the sake of the flesh, which, though possessing a strong and disagreeable flavor, is eaten by the negroes, and also for the skin. In the day time, and on the open plain, from ten to sixteen dogs will easily overcome one of the largest lions. Nor is there any necessity that the dogs with which the lion is hunted should be trained up for the sport: the common farmhouse dogs will serve. As the lion is less swift than the dogs, the latter easily approach him, when, with sullen magnanimity, the lion turns round, and waits for the attack, shaking his mane, and roaring with a short and sharp tone. The hounds then surround him, and, all rushing upon him at once, are able, by their united efforts, to subdue, or tear him in pieces; he has seldom time to give more than two or three slight strokes with his paws, each of which, however, is attended with the death of one of his

assailants.

The lion is sometimes hunted by parties of horsemen, in which case the horses should be trained to the purpose, or at least accustomed to the pursuit of beasts of prey, and the perils attendant on their chase; and it is only on the plains that the hunters ever venture to go out on horseback in this chase. If the lion remains in the jungle, or on a rising ground, they endeavour to tease him with the dogs till he comes into the plain. If the lion sees the hunters at a great distance, he flies from them with all possible speed; but, if they chance to discover him at a small distance only from them, he retires with sullen dignity, and at a slow pace, as though he were above showing any symptom of apprehension. If pursued, he soon slackens his pace, and at length only slides slowly off, step by step, at the same time watching his pursuers obliquely, till he finally makes a full pause, and, turning round upon them, shakes his mane, roars, and appears ready to seize upon them, and tear them in pieces. The foremost huntsman, or he who has the best mark at that part of the lion's body nearest his heart or lungs, is now the first to jump off his horse, and, securing the bridle by putting it round his arm, discharges his piece; then, in an instant recovering his seat, rides obliquely athwart his companions; and, giving his horse the reins, depends entirely on the speed and fear of the latter to convey him beyond the reach of the lion, should he have only wounded him. A fair opportunity now presents itself for some one of the other hunters to jump off his horse immediately, as he may then discharge his piece with effect, and save his companion. If this shot should miss likewise, a third sportsman rides after the lion, which is in pursuit of the first or second, and, springing off his horse, fires his piece as soon as he arrives within a proper distance. In the event of the lion turning again and attacking this pursuer, the other hunters return to his rescue with their pieces ready

charged, having loaded them while flying. No instance, it is said, has ever been known of any misfortune happening the hunters in chasing the lion on horseback. The remote parts of Africa are most exposed to the ravages of wild beasts, and the colonists in those districts, from the habit of hunting them, become excellent marksmen.

Mr. Wombwell's late attempt to bring a certain number of trained dogs upon one or two lions, we consider, on the whole, not worthy of detail in a work of science. It terminated only in the partial worrying of the lions selected, and established no new facts with regard to their habits, or natural history.

The LION MOUNTAIN of the Cape of Good Hope, Africa, rises immediately behind Cape Town. The summit is a mass of stone, much resembling from some points of view the dome of St. Paul's. It is 2160 feet in height, and is surmounted by a single post. It is properly

part of the Table Mountain.

LIONCELLES, in heraldry, a term used for several lions borne in the same coat of arms.

LIOTARD, an eminent painter, born at Geneva, in 1702, and by his father designed for a merchant; but his genius inclined him to paint ing. He went to Paris in 1725, and in 1738 accompanied the marquis de Puisieux to Rome, where he was taken notice of by lords Sandwich and Duncannon, who engaged him to go with them to Constantinople. There he became acquainted with lord Edgecombe, and Sir Everard Fawkener, who brought him to England, where he staid two years. In his journey to the Levant he adopted the eastern habit, and wore it in Britain with a very long beard, whence he was called the Turk. After his return to the continent he married a young wife, and sacrificed his beard to Hymen. He came again to England in 1772, and brought a collection of pictures of different masters, which he sold by auction, and some pieces of glass painted by himself, with surprising effect of light and shade, but mere curiosities, as it was necessary to darken the room before they could be seen to advantage. Ile engraved some Turkish portraits, one of the empress queen and the eldest arch-duchess in Turkish habits, and the heads of the emperor and empress. He painted admirably well in miniature, and finely in enamel, though he seldom practised it. But he is best known by his works in crayons. His likenesses were as exact as possible, and too like to please those who sat to him: thus he had great business the first year, and very little the second. Devoid of imagination, and one would think of memory, he could render nothing but what he saw before his eyes. Freckles, marks of the small-pox, every thing found its place; not so much from fidelity, as because he could not conceive the absence of any thing that appeared to him. Truth prevailed in all his works, grace in few or none.

LIP, n.s.& v. a. Sax. lippe; Fr. lippe; LIP'-LABOR, n. s. Teut. Belg. and Swed. lip; LIP-WISDOM. Lat. labia. The edge or outer part of the mouth; hence the edges of a wound or any aperture: to lip is to hiss: liplabor is well defined below by bishop Taylor: lip-wisdom, verbiage.

O!, 'tis the fiend's arch mock, To lip a wanton and suppose her chaste. A letter for me! It gives me an estate of seven years health; in which time I will make a lip at the physician. Id.

And if some have fetched new noses, and lips, and ears from Italy, by the help of Tagliacotius and his scholars, never any brought a new tongue from Bp. Hall.

thence.

Methinks to kiss ladies' hands after their lips, as some do, is like little boys, who, after they eat the apple, fall to the paring, out of love they have to the apple. Selden.

Fasting, when prayer is not directed to its own purposes, is but liplabour. Taylor's Rule of Living. I find that all is but lipwisdom, which wants experience; I now, woe is me, do try what love can do. Sidney.

In many places is a ridge of mountains some distance from the sea, and a plain from their roots to the shore; which plain was formerly covered by the sea, which bounded against those hills as its first ramparts, or as the ledges or lips of its vessel.

Burnet.

In wounds the lips sink and are flaccid; a gleet followeth, and the flesh within withers. Wiseman. Her lips blush deeper sweets. Thomson's Spring. Oh that those lips had language! life has passed With me but roughly since I heard thee last. Those lips are thine-thy own sweet smiles I see, The same that oft in childhood solaced me.

Cowper.

Darwin.

Or touch the shrill reed, as they trip, With finger light and ruby lip. LIPARA, in ancient geography, the principal of the islands called Eolia, situated between Sicily and Italy, with a cognominal town, so powerful as to have a fleet, and other islands in subjection to it. Diodorus Siculus says, it was famous for excellent harbours and medicinal waters; and that it suddenly emerged from the sea about the time of Hannibal's death. name is Punic, according to Bochart; and given it, because, being a volcano, it shone in the night. It is now called Lipari, and gives name to nine others in its neighbourhood.

The

LIPARI ISLES.-The Lipari islands, twelve in number, are situated at the south-east extremity of the Tuscan Sea, off the north coast of Sicily. They received from the ancients the names of Æolian and Vulcanian islands, it being supposed that Æolus kept the winds imprisoned in their caverns, and that they contained the forges of Vulcan. The first volcanic eruption in the Lipari islands, recorded in history, is that which Callius mentions in his History of the Wars in Sicily. Callius was contemporary with Agathocles. That eruption continued without interval for several days and nights; and threw out great stones, which fell above a mile distant. The sea boiled all round the island of Lipari, we are

told. During the consulship of Æmilius Lepidus and L. Aurelius Orestes, A. A. C. 126, these islands were affected with a dreadful earthquake. The burning of Etna was the first cause of it. Around Lipari and the adjacent islands the air was all on fire.' Vegetables were burnt up, animals died, and fusible bodies, such as wax and resin, became liquid. If the inhabitants of Lipari, from whom Callius received these facts, and the writers who have handed them down to us, have not exaggerated matters, the sea boiled around the island; the earth became so hot as to burn the cables by which vessels were fixed to the shore, and consumed the planks, the oars, and even the small boats. Pliny speaks of a similar event, which happened thirty or forty years afterwards, in the time of the war of the allied states of Italy against Rome. One of the Eolian islands, says he, was on fire as well as the sea; and that prodigy continued to appear till the senate appeased by a deputation the wrath of the gods. From the time of that war, which happened A. A. C. 86, till A. D. 144, we have no account of an eruption of these volcanoes; and from that period again till 1444, we hear of no explosion from them for 1300 years. But at that time both Sicily and these isles were agitated by dreadful shocks of earthquakes; the Volcano isle poured forth streams of flame and smoke, which rose to an amazing height. After that it discharged enormous stones, which fell above six miles distant. In 1550 the ashes and stones discharged from its crater filled up the strait between Volcano and Volcanello. In 1739 there was a sixth eruption. The burstings of the volcanic fire were attended with a noise so dreadful, that it was heard as far as Melazzo in Sicily. In 1775 the whole island was shaken; subterraneous thunder was heard, and consider able streams of flame, with smoke, stones, and vitreous lava, issued from the crater. Lipari were covered over with ashes, and part of these was conveyed by the winds all the way into Sicily. In April 1780 there issued a new explosion from Volcano; the smoke was thick, the shocks constant, and the subterraneous noise very frequent. In 1783 the isles of Lipari were agitated anew by that fatal earthquake which ravaged Calabria, and part of Sicily, on the 5th of February. They are almost entirely composed of volcanised substances, and afford sulphur, nitre, alum, cinnabar, pumice stone, &c., in abundance. We enumerate the chief of

them:

1. The largest, most fertile, and best inhabited is Lipari (Lipara), five leagues in circuit; more than half of its surface is cultivated, the remainder being either covered with wood, or entirely barren. The vegetable productions are rye, nearly enough for its consumption, some cotton, and olives; but its chief riches are its vines, which give wines of various qualities, particularly a kind of malmsey. It also exports a considerable quantity of raisins. The prickly pear is indigenous in this island. It has many hot springs. On the south is a little town at the foot of a hill, rising abruptly from the sea; the houses, except those of the bishop and governor, are mean. It is defended by a castle on a naked

rock of lava, rising perpendicularly from the water. Close to its west side is a rock, called Pietro del Bagno.

2. Salini (Didime), is nearly as large as Lipari, and consists of two mountains united at the base. It has its name from the salt, which is formed by the sun in a lagoon, communicating with the sea. On the north side is a fine spring of water, gushing from a rock close to the shore. Off its south end are three rocks, called the Three Stones.

3. Volcano (Hieri and Therasia), is four leagues in circuit, and has the shape of a cone with the top broken off. It continually throws out volumes of smoke. It is uninhabited, and only occasionally visited by the other islanders, to cut brush-wood for fuel, which grows in the crater of an old volcano. Volcanello, anciently a distinct island, has been joined to Volcano by a narrow neck, formed by an eruption. On each side of the neck is a good road.

4. Stromboli (Strongyle) is one immense volcano, whose continual eruptions of flame have gained it the name of the Light-house of the Mediterranean. It is three leagues in circuit, and very barren, having only a few poor vineyards on the north side. There is no anchorage round it, and the small vessels that belong to or visit it are hauled on the beach. The number of inhabitants is about 1000, who live in scattered huts on the shore, and are principally employed in fishing for congers, which are abundant round the island. They chiefly depend on the rains for fresh water, the island having but two small springs. A mile from the north end is a great rock called the Stone of Stromboli, one-fourth of a mile in circuit, and sixty feet high.

5. Panaria (Hycesia) is nearly three leagues in circuit, moderately elevated, and composed of volcanised granite, generally barren, but producing some olives. North of it are several lesser volcanic islands and rocks, viz. the Formiculas, or Ants, a group of rocks nearly level with the water, Dattolo, Lisca Nera (Black Lisca), Lisca Bianca (White Lisca), and Bottero, Tilanavi, and Panarelli.

6. Baziluzzo is only two miles in circuit, elevated but a few feet above the sea, and inhabited by half a dozen persons, who cultivate a small spot near its centre. It abounds with rabbits, and on the south-east coast is a little cove for boats.

7. Felicudi, or Filicuri (Phenicodes), is composed of a group of hills, and has about 600 inhabitants in insulated dwellings. It has a natural cavern, called the Grotto of the Sea-Ox, in which is a kind of apartment 200 feet long, 120 broad, and sixty-five high. On the south and northeast sides of the island are coves for small vessels, according to the winds

8. Alicudi, or Alicuri (Ericades), the westernmost island, has 400 inhabitants, who reside on the east and south-east sides, all the rest of the island being composed of volcanic barren precipices. This island, as well as Felicudi, produces some wine, barley, and rye, together estimated at 7000 Neapolitan crowns a year. Both islands are destitute of springs, and the inhabitants consequently depend on the rain-water preserved in their cisterns, which, in dry seasons,

is sometimes exhausted. Each island has four or six barks belonging to it; those of Alicudi are hauled on shore, there being no anchorage round it.

LIPOTH'YMOUS, adj. Greek λaw, to LIPOTH'YMY, n.s. faint or fail, and Supos, the animal spirit. Swooning; fainting: fainting-fit.

If the patient be surprised with a lipothymous langour, and great oppression about the stomach and hypochonders, expect no relief from cordials.

Harvey on the Plague. The senators falling into a lypothymy, or deep swooning, make up this pageantry of death with a representing of it unto life. Taylor.

In lypothymys or swoonings, he used the frication of his finger with saffron and gold.

Browne.

LIPPE, or LIPPE DETMOLD, a principality of Westphalia, adjoining Hanover and the Prussian states: the bailiwic of Lipperode is a detached part round the town of Lippstadt. The area of the principality has been computed at 434 square miles: the population at 73,000, who are mostly Calvinists. The Emma, Werra, Hamme, and Bever traverse its hilly surface, which is also diversified by large forests of oak and beach timber. Its chief manufactures are wool and cattle, which with its linen and yarn are largely exported by the Weser. It is divided into eleven bailiwics.

LIPPERT (Philip Daniel), an ingenious artist in glass was born of poor parents, at Dresden, in 1703. Having studied drawing, and made himself acquainted with the Latin and Greek languages, he was appointed drawing-master to the pages of the elector, and his situation afforded him facilities for forming a collection of antiquities. He contrived a method of taking impressions in glass of ancient gems, a number of which he offered for sale, and of which he published a catalogue with the following title: Gemmarum anaglyphicarum et diaglyphicarum, ex præcipuis Europe Musæis selectarum ectypha M. ex vitro obsidiano et massa quodam, studio P.D. Lippert fusa et afficta, Dresd. 4to. He published an account of a second collection in 1756, and of a third in 1763; besides other works. He died in 1785.

LIPPI (Lorenzo, or Lawrence), a painter of history and portraits, was born in 1606, and learned the principles of painting from Matthew Roselli. He had an exquisite genius for music and poetry, as well as for painting; and, in the latter, his proficiency was so great, that some of his compositions were taken for those of Roselli. He afterwards adopted the manner of Santi di Titi, who has more of simple nature and truth in his compositions than any other artist of that time. At Florence Lippi painted many designs for the chapels and convents, by which he enlarged his reputation; and produced at the court of Inspruck a great number of portraits of the nobility, which were deservedly admired. His works are held in the highest esteem for the graceful airs of their heads, the correctness of his outline, and the elegant disposition of the figures. He died in 1664.

LIP'PITUDE, n. s. Fr. lippitude; Lat. lippitudo. Blearedness of eyes.

Diseases that are infectious, are such as are in the spirits and not so much in the humours, and therefore pass easily from body to body: such are pestilences and lippitudes.

Bacon.

I flatter myself I shall soon get rid of this infirmity; nay, that I shall ere long be in the way of becoming a great man. For have I not head-aches, like Pope? vertigo, like Swift? grey hairs, like Holike Virgil? and sometimes complain of sore eyes mer? Do I not wear large shoes (for fear of corns), (though not of lippitude), like Horace ? Beattie.

LIPSIUS (Justus), a learned critic, born at Isch, a village near Brussels, in 1547. After having distinguished himself in literature, he became secretary to cardinal de Granveilan at Rome, where the best libraries were open to him; and he collated the MSS. of ancient authors. He lived twelve years at Leyden; during which he composed and published what he esteemed his best works; but settled at Louvain, where he taught polite literature with great reputation. He was remarkable for unsteadiness in religion, fluctuating often between the Protestants and Papists; but he became finally a bigotted Catholic. He died at Louvain in 1606; and his works are collected in 6 vols. folio.

LIPTAU, a mountainous and bleak palatinate of Hungary, traversed by the Carpathian Mountains: it has gold, silver, and iron mines, some precious stones; and is abundant in antimony. Its forests are also considerable; but there is much good pasturage, and the flocks of sheep are large. Population 64,000, about half of whom are Protestants. Szent-Miklos is the chief town.

LIQUABLE, adj. LIQUATION, n. s. LIQUATE, v. n. LIQUEFACTION, n. s. LIQUEFI'ABLE, adj. LIQUEFY, v. a. LIQUES CENCY, N. s. LIQUES CENT, adj. LIQUID, adj. & n. s LIQUIDATE, v. a. LIQUID'ITY, n. s. LIQUIDNESS, n. s. LIQUOR, n. s. & v. a.

All these words seem to have their origin in the Lat. liqueo (à lix, water,) to melt or dissolve. Cognate words are, in Fr. liquefaction; liquefier; liquide, liqueur; Ital. Span. and Port. liquido; Span. and Port. licor; Ital. liquore. Liquable and liquefiable mean, that may be melted or made into liquid: liquation, the act or capacity of being made so: to liquate and to liquefy, to melt, sink into liquidity: liquefaction, the act of melting or making liquid, or state of being melted: to liquefy is, to dissolve; melt; make liquid: liquescency, aptness or tendency to melt: liquescent, melting: liquid, fluid; not solid; dissolved; hence it means invalid, in law; soft; clear; gentle; flowing: a liquid and a liquor, as substantives, mean a fluid; a body in a liquid state; and the latter has a particular application to impregnated or strong fluids or drinks: to liquor is to drink or moisten with liquid: to liquidate is synonymous with to liquefy, but is more generally applied in the figurative sense of lessening or paying off debts: liquidity and liquiduess are subtilty; thinness; quality of being liquid. These words seem to have been multiplied in our language from the different cognate sources specified, until many of them have become redundant.