chain; a loop; any thing connected in its parts by loops or rings, and any single part of such thing to connect together; enchain; unite; or concatenate. But fair Clarissa to a lovely frere Was linked, and by him had many pledges dear. Faerie Queene. They make an offer of themselves into the service of that enemy, with whose servants they link themselves in so near a bond. Hooker. These things are linked, and, as it were, chained one to another: we labour to eat, and we eat to live, and we live to do good; and the good which we do is as seed sown, with reference unto a future harvest. Id. The Roman state, whose course will yet go on The way it takes, cracking ten thousand curbs Of more strong links asunder, than can ever Appear in your impediment. Shakspeare. Coriolanus. They're so linked in friendship, That young prince Edward marries Warwick's daugh ter. Shakspeare. Blood in princes linked not in such sort, As that it is of any power to tye. Daniel's Civil War, God has linkt our hopes and our duty together. Decay of Piety. I feel The link of nature draw me; flesh of flesh, Milton's Paradise Lost. Thus drooping; or with linked thunderbolts Transfix us to the bottom of this gulph. Milton. Married to immortal verse, Id. Such as the meeting soul may pierce In notes, with many a winding bout Of linked sweetness long drawn out. The thread and train of consequences in intellective ratiocination is often long, and chained together by divers links, which cannot be done in imaginative ratiocination, by some attributed to brutes. Judge Hale. Truths hang together in a chain of mutual dependence; you cannot draw one link without attracting others. Glanville. So gracious hath God been to us, as to link together our duty and our interest, and to make those very things the instances of our obedience, which are the natural means and causes of our happiness. Tillotson. Fire, flood, and earth, and air, by this were bound, And love, the common link, the new creation crowned. Dryden's Knight's Tale. By which chain of ideas thus visibly linked together in train, i. e. each intermediate idea agreeing on each side with those two it is immediately placed between, the ideas of men and self-determination appear to be connected. Locke. Make a link of horse hair very strong, and fasten it to the end of the stick that springs. Mortimer. Though I have here only chosen this single link of martyrs, I might find out others among those names which are still extant, that delivered down this account of our Saviour in a successive tradition. Addison on the Christian Religion. While she does her upward flight sustain, Touching each link of the continued chain, At length she is obliged and forced to see A first, a source, a life, a deity. Prior. So from the first eternal order ran, And creature linked to creature, man to man. Pope. On a sudden clapped his flaming cudgel, Hudibras. What a ridiculous thing it was, that the continued shadow of the earth should be broken by sudden miraculous disclusions of light, to prevent the officiousness of the linkboy! More. Round as a globe, and liquored every chink, Dryden. Though thou art tempted by the linkman's call, Yet trust him not along the lonely wall. Gay. In the black form of cinder-wench she came, O may no linkboy interrupt their love! Id. LINLITHGOW (from Lin, Gael. i. e. a lake, lith, a twig, and gow, a dog), a royal borough in Scotland, capital of the county. The name is said to allude to a black bitch, which, according to tradition, was found tied to a tree in a small the town stands. This etymology seems conisland, on the east side of the lake, near which firmed from the figure of the black bitch making part of the town's armorial bearing, on its public seal. Others, however, derive the name from lin, a lake, lith, snug or close, and gow, a vale, which seems confirmed from its situation. It was a royal borough in the time of David I. On the accession of the house of Stuart it became a royal residence. James IV. was much attached to it, and built the east part of the palace, which has been peculiarly magnificent. Several queens of Scotland held it as their jointure. It is built of polished stone, and covers an acre of ground forming a square with towers at the corners, and standing on a gentle eminence, with the lake behind it on the west. It was greatly ornamented by James V. and VI. Within it is a handsome square; one side of which was built by James VI., and kept in repair till 1746, when it was accidentally damaged by the king's troops making fires on the hearths, by which the joists were burnt. A stone ornamental fountain in the middle of the court was destroyed at the same time. The other sides of the square are more ancient. Narrow galleries run quite round the old part, to preserve communications with the rooms; in one of which the unfortunate Mary queen of Scots was born. The town consists of one open street of stone houses, three-quarters of a mile long, with lanes on each side, and gardens on the north and on the south. On the north side of the High Street, on an eminence east of the palace, stands St. Michael's church. In the market place is another fountain of two stories with eight spouts, and surmounted like the former with an imperial crown. The gallery, whence the regent Murray was shot, is still to be seen. The house of Carmelites, founded in 1290, was destroyed by the reformers in 1559. This borough is governed by a provost, four bailies, dean of guild, treasurer, twelve merchant-councillors, and eight deacons of incorporations. The market is on Friday, and there are six fairs. A considerable trade is carried on in leather, flax, wool, stockings, linen, porter, ale, &c. Linlithgow is two miles south of Borrowstownness, its port, and sixteen west of Edinburgh. LINLITHGOW. See LOTHIAN WEST. LINNE' (Sir Charles), the celebrated reformer of botany and natural history, was born on May 24th, 1707, in a village called Roeshult in Smaland, where his father, Nicholas Linné was then vicar. The name assumed by this great man, even in his Latin works, is neither Lindelius, nor Linnæus, but Linné, which seems to be the real Swedish name of the family. In his Latin works, printed in Sweden, he styles himself Carolus à Linné. How he came to be styled Linnæus by foreigners is therefore not easily accounted for. His taste for botany seems to have been imbibed from his father; who cultivated a garden plentifully stored with plants, by way of amusement. Young Linné soon became acquainted with these, as well as with the indigenous ones of his neighbourhood. In 1717 he was sent to school at Wexio; where, as his opportunities were enlarged, his progress in all his favorite pursuits was proportionably extended; and even at this early period he began to study the natural history of insects. Professor Stobæus, under whom he received the first part of his academical education at Lund, in Scania, favored his inclination to natural history. He removed in 1728 to Upsal, where he contracted a close friendship with Artedi, a native of Angermania, who had been four years a student in that university, and had a strong bent to natural history, particularly ichthyology. Soon after his arrival at Upsal, he obtained the favor of several gentlemen of established character in literature. He was particularly encouraged in the pursuit of his studies by Dr. Olaus Celsius, then professor of divinity, and the restorer of natural history, in Sweden; who, being struck with the accuracy of Linné in describing the plants of the garden at Upsal, admitted him to his house, his table, and his library. Under his patronage Linné made such a rapid progress, that in two years he was thought qualified to give lectures in the botanic chair, in the room of professor Rudbeck. In 1731 the Roya Academy of Sciences at Upsal, with a view to improve the natural history of Sweden, at the instance of professors Celsius and Rudbeck, deputed Linné to make the tour of Lapland, and explore the natural history of that arctic region. He left Upsal the 13th of May, by the route of Gevalia, the capital of Gestricia, forty-five miles from Upsal, and travelled through Helsingland into Medalpadia. Thence he went through Angermanland to Hernosand, a sea-port on the Bothnic Gulf; where he visited the remarkable caverns on the summit of mount Skula, though at the hazard of his life. Arriving at Uma, in West Bothnia, he quitted the public road, and took his course through the woods westward, to the most southern parts of Lapland. Though a stranger to the language and manners of the peo ple, and without any associate, he trusted to the hospitality of the inhabitants, and mentions, with peculiar satisfaction, the innocence and simplicity of their lives. He now arrived at the mountains of Norway, and, after encountering great hardships, returned to West Bothnia; visited Pitha and Lula, on the gulf of that name; from which last place he took a western route, proceeding up the river Lula, and visited the ruins of the temple of Jockmock in Lappmark: thence he traversed the Lapland desert, destitute of all villages, cultivation, roads, or any conveniences, and inhabited only by a few straggling people, originally descended from the Finlanders. Hence he crossed the Lapland Alps into Finmark, and traversed the shores of the North Sea as far as Sallero. These journeys were made on foot, attended by two Laplanders, as his interpreter and guide. In descending a river, he narrowly escaped perishing by the oversetting of the boat, and lost many of the natural productions he had collected. He now spent the greater part of the summer in examining this arctic region, and those mountains on which, four years afterwards, the French philosophers secured immortal fame to Sir Isaac Newton. At length, after having suffered incredible fatigues and hardships, he returned in September to Tornoa. Having next resolved to visit and examine the country on the east side of the gulf, his first stage was to Ula in East Bothnia; thence to Old and New Carleby, eighty-four miles south of Ula. He continued his route through Wasa, Christianstadt, and Biorneburgh, to Abo, a small university in Finland. As winter was at this time setting in, he crossed the gulf by the island of Aland, and arrived at Upsal in November, after having performed, mostly on foot, a journey of 10° of lat. in extent, exclusively of numberless deviations. In 1733 he visited and examined the mines in Sweden. The outlines of his system of mineralogy appeared in the early editions of the Systema Naturæ; but he did not exemplify the whole until 1768. In 1734 he was sent by baron Reuterholm, governor of Dalecarlia, with several other naturalists in that province, to investigate the productions of that part of the Swedish dominions; and published the result under the title of Pan Suecus, in the second volume of the Amænitates Academicæ. After this expedition, Linné resided some time at Fahlun, the chief town in Dalecarlia; where he taught mineralogy, and practised physic. He contracted at this time an intimacy with a daughter of Dr. More, the physician of the place, whom he married about five years afterwards. In 1735 he travelled over many parts of Sweden, Denmark, and Germany, and fixed in Holland, where he chiefly resided until his return to Stockholm, about 1739. In 1735 he took his degree of M. D., and published the first sketch of his Systema Naturæ, in the form of tables, in twelve pages folio. By this it appears that he had, before he was twenty-four years old, laid the basis of that structure which he afterwards erected to the increase of his own fame, as well as of natural science. In 1736 he came to England, and visited Dr. Dillenius, of Oxford, whom he justly considered as one of the first botanists in Europe. He mentions the privilege he gave him of inspecting his own and the Sherardian collection of plants. He also became acquainted with Dr. Martyn, Mr. Rand, Mr. Miller, and Dr. Isaac Lawson, and Mr. Peter Collinson. The Early in 1738 Linné had a long and dangerous fit of sickness; and upon his recovery went to Paris, where he was entertained by the Jussieus, then the first botanists in France. The opportunity this gave him of inspecting their Herbaria, as well as those of Surian and Tournefort, afforded him great satisfaction. He did not fail to avail himself of every advantage which access to the several museums of that country afforded him in every branch of natural history; and the number and importance of his publications, during his absence from Sweden, demonstrate the fund of knowledge which he had accumulated before, as well as his extraordinary application. These were, Systema Naturæ, Fundamenta Botanica, Bibliotheca Botanica, and Genera Plantarum; the last of which is justly considered as the most valuable of all his works. Before the publication of the first edition, the author had examined the characters of 8000 flowers. last book he published, during his stay in Holland, was the Classes Plantarum, which is a copious illustration of the second part of the Fundamenta. About the end of 1738, or beginning of 1739, he settled as a physician at Stockholm. By the interest of count Tessin, his patron, he obtained the rank of physician to the fleet, and a salary for giving lectures on botany. The establishment of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, was highly favorable to the advance ment of his character and fame; he was constituted the first president. By the rules of the academy, this officer held his place but three months. At the expiration of that term, Linné made his Oratio de memorabilibus in Insectis, October 3d, 1739; in which he endeavours to excite an attention to entomology. In 1741, upon the resignation of Dr. Roberg, he was constituted professor of physic and physician to the king of Sweden. During the interval of his removal from Stockholm to Upsal, in consequence of this appointment, he was deputed by the states to make a tour to the islands of Oeland and Gothland in the Baltic, attended by six pupils. On his return he pronounced before the university his Oratio de Peregrinationum intra Linné Patriam necessitate, October 17th, 1741. was now fixed in the situation best adapted to his character, taste, and abilities; but, when he was appointed professor, the garden did not contain above fifty exotic plants. His correspon dence with the first botanists in Europe soon supplied him with great variety. He received Indian plants from Jussieu of Paris, and Van Royen of Leyden; European plants from Haller and Ludwig; American plants from the late Mr. Collinson, Mr. Catesby, and others; and many annuals from Dillenius. How much the garden owed to his diligence and care, in a few years, may be seen by the catalogue entitled Hortus Upsaliensis, exibens Plantas exoticas horto Upsaliensis Academiæ a sese (Linnæo) illatas ab anno 1742, in annum 1748; additis differentiis, synonymis, habitationibus, hospitiis, rariorumque descriptionibus, in gratiam studiosæ juventutis ; Holm. 1748, 8vo. pp. 306, tab. 3. By this it appears, that he had introduced 1100 species, exclusively of all the Swedish plants and of varieties; which last, in ordinary gardens, often amount to one-third of the whole. The fame which Linné had now acquired by his Systema Naturæ, of which a sixth edition, much enlarged, had been published at Stockholm in 1748, in 8vo., with plates and eight tables explanatory of the classes and orders, had brought him a conflux of every thing rare and valuable in every branch of nature and from all parts of the globe. The king and queen of Sweden had their separate collections of rarities; the former at Ulricksdahl; the latter, very rich in exotic insects and shells, procured at great expense, at the palace of Drottningholm; both of which our author was employed in arranging and describing. The museum of the royal academy of Upsal had also been augmented by a considerable donation from the king, whilst hereditary prince, in 1746; by another from count Gyllenborg in 1745; by a third from M. Grill, an opulent citizen of Stockholm. Linné from this time sustained a more elevated rank. His reputation had procured him honors from almost all the royal societies in Europe; and Adolphus Frederick created him in 1753 a knight of the polar star, and in 1757 a noble of Sweden. His successor Gustavus III. doubled his pension in 1776, and settled a liberal donation of landed property on his family. In reply to an invitation to Madrid from the king of Spain, with the offer of a pension for life of 2000 pistoles, letters of nobility, and the free exercise of his own religion, he returned for answer, that if he had any merits they were due to his own country. Soon after this Linné obtained the præmium centum aureorum, proposed by the imperial academy of sciences at Petersburgh, for the best paper written to establish or disprove by new arguments the doctrine of the sexes of plants. Linné, on the whole, enjoyed a good constitution, but was sometimes severely afflicted with a hemicrania, as well as with the gout. In the close of 1776 he was seized with an apoplexy, which left him paralytic; and at the beginning of 1777 suffered another stroke, which much impaired his powers. But the disease supposed to have been the immediate cause of his death, was old ones, and will be readily taught to modulate an ulceration of the urinary bladder; of which, their voice like any thing that is most familiar to after a tedious indisposition, he died, January their ears, and within the compass of their 11th, 1778, aged seventy-one. His other prin- throats. More care is required in feeding them cipal works are, Iter Oelandicum et Gotlandi- when taken thus young, than wher they are left cum: Iter Scanicum: Flora Suecica: Materia in the nest till nearly fledged; but they will be Medica: Philosophia Botanica: Genera Morbo- reared very well upon a food half bread and rum: different papers in the Acta Upsaliensia, half rape-seed boiled and bruised: this must be and the Amanitates Academicæ. The last of given them several times a day. It must be his treatises was the Mantissa Altera, published made fresh every day, and given sufficiently in 1771; but before his death he had finished moist, but not in the extreme. If it be in the the greatest part of the Mantissa Tertia, after- least sour, it gripes and kills them; and if too wards completed and published by his son. On stiff it is as mischievous by binding them up. his death a general mourning took place at They must be hung up as soon as taken from Upsal, and his funeral was attended by the whole the nest under the bird whose note they are university, and the pall supported by sixteen intended to learn; or, if they are taught to doctors of physic, all of whom had been his whistle tunes, it must be done by giving them pupils. The king lamented his death in his lessons at the time of feeding; for they will speech to the states, and ordered a medal to be profit more while young in a few days than in a struck in his memory. Nor was Linné honored long time afterwards, and will take in the whole only in his own country. The professor of method of their notes before they are able to botany at Edinburgh, Dr. Hope, pronounced an crack hard seeds. Some have attempted to teach eulogium in honor of him before his students, them to speak, and they often arrive at some at the opening of his lectures in spring 1778, perfection in that art! and erected a monument to his memory in the botanic garden there. He possessed a lively imagination, a strong judgment, the most retentive memory, unremitting industry, and the greatest perseverance in all his pursuits. Perhaps there is no circumstance of his life, however, which shows him in a more dignified light than his conduct towards his opponents. Disavowing controversy he replied to no one of them. He had a happy command of the Latin language; and has altogether, perhaps, advanced the literary honor of his country more than any other of her sons. Natural history arose in Sweden, under his culture, to a state of perfection unknown elsewhere; and was thence disseminated through all Europe. LI'NNET, n. s. sma!! singing bird. LIN'SEED, n. s. Lat. semen lini. The seed of flax, which is much used in medicine. The joints may be closed with a cement of lime, linseed oil, and cotton. Mortimer's Husbandry. Linseed cakes, in agriculture, is the name of such cakes as remain after the expression of the oil from flax seed. They are at present much used in the fattening of cattle, sheep, and other sorts of live stock, and of course of great value and importance Dr. A. Rees. to the farmer. LINSEED, or more properly LINT-SEED, is the seed of the plant linum. Lint-seed steeped and bruised in water gives it very soon a thick mucilaginous nature, and communicates much of its emollient virtue to it. See LINUM. LI'NSEYWOOLSEY, adj. From linen and Fr. linot; Lat. linaria. A wool. Linen and wool mixed: hence of different and unsuitable parts; vile; mean. The swallows make use of celandine, the linnet of euphragia, for the repairing of their sight. More's Antidote. LINNET, in ornithology. See FRINGILLA. These birds build in hedges, as well as in furze bushes on heaths, but with very different materials. In hedges they use the slender filaments of the roots of trees, and the down of feathers and thistles; but on heaths they use moss, principally for the outer part, finishing it within with such things as the place affords. They have young ones three or four times a year, especially if they are taken away before they are able to leave the nests. When linnets are to be taught to whistle tunes, or to imitate the notes of any other bird, they must be taken from the old one when they are not above four days old; for at this time they have no idea of the note of the A lawless linseywoolsie brother, Half of one order, half another. Hudibras. Peeled, patched, and pyebald, linseywoolsey bro thers, Grave mummers! sleeveless some, and shirtless With lynstock now the devilish cannon touches, A LINSTOCK, or LINTSTOCK, in military affairs, is about three feet long, and has a sharp point on one end, and a fork or crotch on the other; the latter serves to contain a lighted match, and by the former the linstock is occasionally stuck in the ground, or in the deck of a ship during an engagement. It is used in small vessels, where one is fixed between every two guns, by which the match is always kept dry, and ready for firing. LINT. Sax. linet; Lat. linteum. A flaxer substance; linen scraped. I dressed them up with unguentum basilici cum stroyed by fire. Here a lyceum, two public vitello ovi, upon pledgets of lint. Wiseman's Surgery. Lint made up in an oval, or orbicular form, is called a pledget; if in a cylindrical form, or in the shape of a date olive-stone, it is called a dossil. Dr. A. Rees: LINT, in surgery, is made into various forms, which acquire different names according to the difference of their figures. Made up in an oval or orbicular form, it is called a pledget; in the shape of a date or olive-stone, as we have seen, a dossil. These different forms are required for many purposes; as 1. To stop blood in fresh wounds, by filling them up with dry lint before the application of a bandage: though, if scraped lint be not at hand, a piece of fine linen may be torn into small rags, and applied in the same manner. In very large hæmorrhages the lint or rags should be first dipped in some styptic liquor, as alcohol, or oil of turpentine; or sprinkled with some styptic powder. 2. To agglutinate or heal wounds; to which end lint is very serviceable, if spread with some digestive ointment, balsam, or vulnerary liquor. 3. In drying up wounds and ulcers, and forwarding the formation of a cicatrix. 4. In keeping the lips of wounds at a proper distance, that they may not hastily unite before the bottom is well digested and healed. 5. They are highly necessary to preserve wounds from the injuries of the air. Surgeons of former ages formed compresses of sponge, wool, feathers, or cotton; linen being scarce: but lint is far preferable to all these, and is at present universally used. LI'NTEL, n. s. Fr. linteau. The head piece of a door frame. Take a bunch of hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the bason, and strike the lintel and the two side-posts. Exod. Smite the lintel that the posts may shake. The Israelites' doors, whose lintels were besprinkled with blood, were passed over by the destroying angel. Bp. Halla When you lay any timber or brick work, as lintels over windows, lay them in loam, which is a great preserver of timber. Молоп. Silver the lintels deep projecting o'er, And gold the ringlets that command the door. Pope's Odyssey. LINTERNUM, or LITERNUM, in ancient geography, a city of Campania, situated at the mouth of the Clanius, or Liturnus, between Cuma and Vulturnum. It received a Roman colony at the same time with Puteoli and Vulturnum; was improved and enlarged by Augustus; afterwards forfeited its right of colonyship, and became a prefecture. Hither Scipio Africanus the elder retired from the envy of his ungrateful countrymen; and here he died. No vestige of the place now remains. LINTZ, the capital of Upper Austria, is situated at the confluence of the Danube and Traun. It is a bishop's see; has a hall in which the states meet; a wooden bridge over the Danube; and several manufactories. The houses are in general respectable, but roofed with shingle. The church of St. Ignatius is worth notice, and the remaining castle, for in 1800 one was de schools, a public library, an institution for the deaf and dumb, and a large theatre. The manufactures are of linen (in which 30,000 hands are said to be employed), looking-glasses, gunpow der, and bottles. The town has two good annual fairs, at Easter and the Assumption: the environs are very fertile and picturesque. It was burnt in 1542. It was taken by the French in 1741, but retaken by the Austrians in 1742. Lintz is forty-two miles E. S. E. of Passau, and ninety-four west of Vienne. LINUM, flax; a genus of the pentagynia order, and pentandria class of plants: CAL. pentaphyllous; petals five: CAPS. quinquevalved and decemlocular: SEEDS, solitary. There are thirty species. 1. L. catharticum, the purging flax, has leaves opposite and lanceolate; the stem bifurcated, and the corollæ acute. This plant is not above four or five inches high, and is found wild upon chalky hills, and in dry pleasure grounds. Its virtue is expressed in its title; an infusion in water or whey of a handful of the fresh leaves, or a drachm of them in substance when dried, may be used as a cathartic without inconvenience. 2. L. perenne, the perennial Siberian flax, has a fibrous perennial root, sending up several upright, strong, annual stalks, branching four or five feet high; garnished with small, narrow, spear-shaped, alternate leaves, of a dark-green color; and terminated by umbellate clusters of large blue flowers in June, succeeded by seeds in autumn. This species is raised from seed in a bed or border of common garden earth, in shallow drills six inches asunder; when the plants are two or three inches high, thin them to the same distance; and in autumn plant them out where they are wanted. 3. L. usitatissimum, the common annual flax, has a taper fibrous root; upright, slender, unbranched stalks, two feet and a half high; garnished with narrow, spear-shaped, alternate, gray-colored leaves; and the stalks divided into foot-stalks at top, terminated by small blue crenated flowers in June and July; succeeded by large round capsules of ten cells, containing each one seed. This species may justly be looked upon as one of the most valuable of the whole vegetable kingdom: as from the bark of its stalks is manufactured the lint or flax for making all sorts of linen cloth; from the rags of the linen is made paper; and from the seeds is expressed the linseed oil, so useful in painting and other trades. The seeds are an excellent emollient and anodyne; they are used externally in cataplasms, to assuage the pain of inflamed tumors; internally a slight infusion of them by way of tea, in coughs, is an excellent pectoral, and of great service in pleurisies, nephritic complaints, and suppressions of urine. For the cultivation, dressing, &c., of this species, see FLAX. LINUS, in classical history, a native of Colchis, contemporary with Orpheus, and one of the most ancient poets and musicians of Greece. According to archbishop Usher, he flourished about 1280 B. C., and he is mentioned by |