laborers in England, and showed how much they had already accomplished by peaceable co-operation. Chancellor Lowe struck the key-note of their position, when he said in the British Parliament: "Let us educate our new masters." D'Israeli, speaking of the first efforts of this patient, long-suffering class toward their own emancipation, said: "We have long been mortgaging industry to protect property, and the hour of foreclosure has come.'

The great watchwords of the time are education and association. Both these desiderata are fully recognized in this organization, so unprecedented in its growth, so beneficent in its aims, so wide reaching in its influence. Of all combinations originating under strong necessities for resistance, it is the least revolutionary, the most patient and progressive. It is no part of our business to foster enmities and widen differences between capital and labor-but on the contrary to learn how these can be associated into a true equality. Capital in the hands of educated labor is not one tool, but many, the grandest piece of its complex machinery. The increasing subdivision and specialization of labor is a sufficient guaranty that the principles of co-operation will never work adversely to the interests of capital.

These views were amply and variously presented and illustrated in their educational, political and social aspects. While the Granges would never become political in a narrow and partisan sense, any more than churches are, the speaker said he believed they were destined to become an immense power in the purification of our politics by carrying into them a higher sense of responsibility, and the more direct and constant influence of our best womanhood.

Resolutions complimentary to Bro. Daniel Clark, W. M. of Oregon, and to Bro. N. W. Garretson, Deputy of the National Grange, Patrons of Husbandry, were unanimously adopted.

It was moved by J. W. A. Wright that the State Grange of California include in its memorial to Congress a petition for the requisite appropriations to improve the navigation of the Columbia and Willamette rivers, as such improvement is absolutely necessary to relieve the farmers, who depend upon them as commercial avenues, from the oppression of existing monopolists. Adopted.

The following resolutions were also offered by Bro. Wright:

Resolved, That the State Grange of California is in full sympathy with the mission to this country of Mr. Joseph Arch of England, and that we cordially invite him to visit our Pacific Coast with a view to bringing among us immigrants from the laboring classes of Europe, whom he represents.

Resolved, That the Committee on Immigration be instructed to communicate this invitation to Mr. Joseph Arch, and report his answer to the Executive Committee. Adopted.

State Agent, G. P. Kellogg, and Mr. Walcott, of E. E.

Morgan's Sons, were present, by invitation, during a recess in the evening, and enjoyed a social interview, after which the State Grange was formally adjourned.

CHAPTER XIII.

CONSTITUTION OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE GRANGE, PATRONS OF
HUSBANDRY.

ARTICLE I.—This Grange shall be known and designated as the California State
Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry.

ARTICLE II.—The membership of the State Grange shall consist of Masters of the Subordinate Granges and their wives, who are Matrons. Past Masters and their wives who are Matrons, are honorary members, and are eligible to hold office, but not entitled to vote.

ARTICLE III.-Section 1. The officers of State or Subordinate Granges shall consist of and rank as follows: Master, Overseer, Lecturer, Steward, Assistant Steward, Chaplain, Treasurer, Secretary, Gate Keeper, Ceres, Pomona, Flora, and Lady Assistant Steward. It is their duty to see that the laws of the Order are carried out.

Sec. 2. In the Subordinate Granges they shall be chosen annually; in the State Grange once in two years. All elections to be by ballot, and a majority shall elect. Vacancies by death or resignation to be filled at a special election at the next regular meeting thereof-officers so chosen to serve until the annual meeting.

Sec. 3. There shall be an Executive Committee of the State Grange, consisting of six members, whose term of office shall be two years, three of whom shall be elected each year.

Sec. 4. The officers of the respective Granges shall be addressed as "Worthy." ARTICLE IV.-The State Grange shall hold its regular annual meetings on the first Tuesday in October, at such place as the Grange may from time to time determine. Special meetings may be called by the Executive Committee, by giving written notice to each Subordinate Grange, thirty days preceding, or by a vote of the Grange at a regular meeting.

ARTICLE V.-Section 1. One third of all Subordinate Granges entitled to representation, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

Sec. 2. The Ritual adopted by the National Grange, shall be used in all Subordinate Granges, and any desired alteration in the same must be submitted to, and receive the sanction of the National Grange.

ARTICLE VI.-Section 1. Any person interested in agricultural pursuits, of the age of sixteen years (female), and eighteen years (male), duly proposed, elected, and complying with the rules and regulations of the Order, may be admitted to membership and the benefit of the degrees taken. Every application must be accompanied by the fee of membership. If rejected, the money will be refunded. Applications must be certified by members, and balloted for at a subsequent meeting. It shall require three negative votes to reject an applicant.

Sec. 2. No member who is not actually engaged in agricultural pursuits, shall hold office in this Grange.

Sec. 3. No person shall hold at one time more than one office provided for by this Constitution.

ARTICLE VII.—The minimum fee for membership in a Subordinate Grange shall be, for men, five dollars, and for women, two dollars, for the four degrees, except charter members, who shall pay-men, three dollars, and women, fifty cents.

ARTICLE VIII.-Section 1. The minimum of regular monthly dues shall be ten cents from each member, and each Grange may otherwise regulate its own dues. Sec. 2. The Secretary of each Subordinate Grange shall report quarterly to the Secretary of the State Grange, the names of all persons initiated or passed to higher degrees.

Sec. 3. The Treasurer of each Subordinate Grange shall report quarterly; and pay to the Treasurer of the State Grange the sum of one dollar for each man, and

fifty cents for each woman initiated during that quarter; also, a quarterly due of six cents for each member.

Sec. 4. The Secretary of the State Grange shall report quarterly to the Secretary of the National Grange the membership in this State, and the degrees conferred during the quarter.

Sec. 5. The Treasurer of the State Grange shall deposit to the credit of the National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry with some Banking or Trust Company in New York, (to be selected by the Executive Committee,) in quarterly installments, the annual due of ten cents for each member in this State, and forward the receipts for the same to the Treasurer of the National Grange.

Sec. 6. All moneys deposited with said company shall be paid out only upon the drafts of the Treasurer signed by the Master, and countersigned by the Secretary.

Sec. 7. No State Grange shall be entitled to representation in the National Grange, whose dues are unpaid for more than one quarter.

Sec. 8. The fiscal year of this and Subordinate Granges shall commence on the first day of January, and end on the last day of December in each year.

ARTICLE IX.-Section 1. Reports from subordinate Granges relative to crops, implements, stock, or any other matters called for by the National Grange, must be certified to by the Master and Secretary, and under seal of the Grange giving the same.

Sec. 2. All printed matter on whatever subject, and all information issued by the National or State to Subordinate Granges, shall be made known to the members without unnecessary delay.

Sec. 3. If any brothers or sisters of the Order are sick, it shall be the duty of the Patrons to visit them, and see that they are well provided with all things needful.

Sec. 4. Any member found guilty of wanton cruelty to animals shall be expelled from the order.

Sec. 5. The officers of Subordinate Granges shall be on the alert in devising means by which the interests of the whole Order may be advanced; but no plan of work shall be adopted by State or Subordinate Granges without first submitting it to, and receiving the sanction of, the National Grange.

ARTICLE X.-Section 1. All charters and dispensations issue directly from the National Grange.

Sec. 2. Nine men and four women having received the four Subordinate Degrees, may receive a dispensation to organize a Subordinate Grange.

Sec. 3. Applications for dispensations shall be made to the Secretary of the National Grange, and be signed by the persons applying for the same, and be accompanied by a fee of fifteen dollars.

Sec. 4. Charter members are those persons only whose names are upon the application, and whose fees were paid at the time of organization. Their number shall not be less than nine men and four women, nor more than twenty men and ten women.

Sec. 5. Fifteen Subordinate Granges working in a State, can apply for authority to organize a State Grange.

Sec. 6. When State Granges are organized, dispensations will be replaced by charters, issued without further fee.

Sec. 7. All charters must pass through the State Granges for record, and receive the seal and official signatures of the same.

Sec. 8. No Grange shall confer more than one degree (either First, Second, Third or Fourth) at the same meeting.

Sec. 9. After a State Grange is organized, all applications for charters must pass through the same and be approved by the Master and Secretary.

ARTICLE XI.--The duties of the officers of the State and Subordinate Granges shall be prescribed by the laws of the same.

ARTICLE 12.-Section 1. The Treasurers of the State and Subordinate Granges shall give bonds to be approved by the officers of their respective Granges.

Sec. 2. In all Granges bills must be approved by the Master, and countersigned by the Secretary, before the Treasurer can pay the same.

ARTICLE XIII.-Religious or political questions will not be tolerated as subjects of discussion in the work of the Order, and no political or religious tests for membership shall be applied.

ARTICLE XIV. Any brother or sister who is in good standing, clear of the books of the Grange, and who has attained to the Fourth Degree, is entitled to a

BY-LAWS OF CALIFORNIA STATE GRANGE.

155

withdrawal-card, upon the payment of the sum of one dollar. Persons bearing such cards may be admitted, without additional fees, to membership in another Subordinate Grange, but shall be subject to the same form of petition, examination and ballot, as those first applying for membership, except that a majority vote shall elect them.

ARTICLE XV.-Persons making application for membership in our Order shall apply to the Subordinate Grange nearest to them, unless good and sufficient reasons exist for doing otherwise. In such cases, the Grange to which application is made, shall judge the reasons, and may consult the Grange nearest the applicant.

ARTICLE XVI.-It shall be lawful for Subordinate Granges to form themselves into Councils for the purpose of facilitating the transaction of business, buying, selling and shipping, or such other purposes as may seem for the good of the Order. They shall be governed, and the membership regulated, by such laws as the Council may, from time to time, make, not in conflict with the Constitutions of the National and State Granges. They may elect a business agent to act in concert with the Executive Committee; and it shall be their duty to inform the Master of any irregularities practiced by Deputies within their jurisdiction.

ARTICLE XVII.-Section 1. The Executive Committee shall be empowered to try and suspend from office any officer of the State Grange who may prove inefficient or derelict in the discharge of his duty-subject to appeal to the ensuing session of the State Grange.

Sec. 2. A Master of a Subordinate Grange is amenable to a Court constituted by the Grange of which he is a member, and an appeal lays from such Court to the State Grange.

ARTICLE XVIII. This Constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the State Grange, provided that any proposed amendment shall have been presented to the Executive Committee, and by it reported to the Masters of Subordinate Granges, three months previous to the meeting of the State Grange.

BY-LAWS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE GRANGE.

ARTICLE I.-Section 1. It shall be the duty of the Master to preside at all meetings of the Grange; to see that all officers and members of committees properly perform their respective duties; to see that the Constitution of the National Grange, the By-Laws of this State Grange, and the usages of the Order, are observed and obeyed; to sign all drafts upon the Treasury, and to perform all other duties usually pertaining to such office.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of Masters of Subordinate Granges to take charge of all books and papers containing the work of the Order, private instructions, etc., and they shall not allow the same out of their possession, except for use in the Grange.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Overseer to assist the Master in preserving order; to preside over the Grange in the absence of the Master, and in case of the vacancy of the office of Master, he shall fill the same until the next annual meeting.

Sec. 4. The duties of Lecturer shall be such as usually devolve upon that officer in a Subordinate Grange. He shall also visit Subordinate Granges throughout the State, when requested to do so by the Executive Committee.

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the Steward to have charge of the inner Gate, and perform such other duties as are required by the Ritual.

Sec. 6. The Assistant Steward shall assist the Steward in the performance of his duties.

Sec. 7. The Secretary shall keep an accurate record of all proceedings of the Grange, make out all necessary returns to the National Grange, keep the accounts of the Subordinate Granges with the State Grange, and pay over quarterly to the Treasurer all moneys coming into his hands and take his receipt for the same. He shall also keep a complete register of the names and numbers of all Subordinate Granges, and the names and addresses of Masters and Secretaries.

Sec. 8. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to receive all moneys, giving his receipt for the same; to keep an accurate occount thereof, and pay all orders of the Grange signed by the Master and Secretary; to render a full account of his

office at each annual meeting, and deliver to his successor in office all moneys, books and papers pertaining to his office; and he shall give bonds in a sufficient amount to secure the money that may be placed in his hands-said bonds to be approved by the Executive Committee.

Sec. 9. The Treasurer of each Subordinate Grange shall report quarterly, and shall pay to the Secretary of the State Grange the sum of one dollar for each man and fifty cents for each woman initiated during the quarter; also a quarterly due of six cents for each member. He shall send at the same time a duplicate of his report to the Secretary of the State Grange. The Treasurer of the State Grange shall send a receipt to Treasurers of Subordinate Granges, and a duplicate to the Secretary of the State Grange.

Sec. 10. The Treasurer of the State Grange shall keep his balance with the Grangers' Bank of California.

Sec. 11. The Treasurers and Secretaries of Subordinate Granges shall file copies of their quarterly reports certified by the Master.

Sec. 12. The Gate Keeper shall see that the Gates are properly guarded, and shall have charge of all property committed to his keeping.

ARTICLE II.-Section 1. All Committees, unless otherwise ordered, shall consist of three members, and shall be appointed-two by the Master and one by the Overseer. All Committees shall be composed of both brothers and sisters, unless otherwise specially provided.

Sec. 2. At the regular annual meeting a Committee on Finance shall be appointed, whose duty it shall be to audit all accounts previous to their being paid. To them shall be referred the reports of the Secretary and Treasurer for examination.

Sec. 3. The Executive Committee shall consist of the Master, who shall be Chairman, and six members elected by ballot, who shall hold office for two years, three being elected each year. But no two shall be elected from the same county. They shall have authority to act on all matters of interest to the Order, when the State Grange is not in session; shall provide for the welfare of the Order in business matters, and shall report their acts in detail to the State Grange on the first day of its annual meeting. They shall also make such report at special meetings of the State Grange as the good of the Order may demand.

Sec. 4. The Executive Committee shall hold its regular meetings quarterly on the first Tuesday of January, April, July and October.

ARTICLE III.—The Secretary shall see that the quarterly dues of the Subordinate Granges are promptly paid, and in case the dues remain delinquent two quarters, the delinquent Grange shall be reported to the Master of the State Grange. On receiving such notice it shall be the duty of the Master to warn the delinquent Grange, and if the dues are not forwarded in thirty days, the Master shall advise the Master of the National Grange of such delinquency, and recommend the revocal of the charter of the delinquent Grange; and any Grange whose charter has been thus revoked may petition the State Grange for re-instatement. ARTICLE IV.-Subordinate Granges shall defray the expenses of their delegates to the State Grange.

ARTICLE V.—The Master of the State Grange shall appoint at least one deputy in each county, where a proper person can be found, who is a Master or Past Master, whose duty it shall be to organize new Granges, upon application being made to him by proper persons residing in his district; to install officers of Granges when the same have been elected; and to be vigilant that no disorder shall obtain in the Grange under his jurisdiction, and to promptly report any such disorder to the Master. They shall have exclusive jurisdiction in their respective districts, and their rulings on questions of law and points of order shall be respected, until overruled by the Master of the State Grange. They shall receive for organizing new Granges their necessary expenses. They shall be appointed for one year, subject to removal for cause by the Master. No other Granges shall hereafter be recognized except those organized by Deputies as herein specified, excepting only those organized by the Master of the State Grange, or one especially deputized by him.

ARTICLE VI.-Section 1. An appeal may be taken from the decision of the Master of a Subordinate Grange to the District Deputy, and from thence to the Master of the State Grange.

Sec. 2. On trials, an appeal from the judgment of a Subordinate Grange, lies to the State Grange, and must be presented to the Executive Committee at least ten days prior to the meeting of the State Grange.