Crudup et al. v. Oklahoma Portland Cement Co.

Under the facts found by the court, which findings are not seriously questioned by counsel as not supported by sufficient evidence, we are constrained to hold that the bond in question is not invalid for either of the assigned reasons. Under the second finding of fact, the court found that while the bond was signed on Sunday in the State of Oklahoma, it bore date of the 5th of May (Monday), and that the bond was delivered by the contractor, the principal obligor, on a date other than Sunday; that the beneficiaries in the bond had no knowledge that it was signed on Sunday.

Undoubtedly the rule is supported by the great weight of authority that in the absence of a special statute making a contract void when executed under the circumstances as here, the same is not void. Hall v. Parker, 37 Mich. 590, 26 Am. Rep. 540; Evansville v. Morris, 87 Ind. 269, 44 Am. Rep. 763; Terry v. Platt, 1 Pennewill (Del.) 185, 40 Atl. 243; Hofer v. Cowan (Ky.) 68 S. W. 438; Barger v. Farnham, 130 Mich. 504, 90 N. W. 281; Diamond Glass v. Gould (N. J. Sup.) 61 Atl. 12; Gibbs & Sterrett v. Brucker, 111 U. S. 597, 4 Sup. Ct. 572, 28 L. Ed. 534.

In the case of Gibbs & Sterrett v. Brucker, supra, where a bond in the State of Wisconsin was signed and delivered on Sunday to a representative of the obligee, but such obligee had no knowledge of such fact, which case arose under a statute of that state making it a criminal offense to do any manner of labor, business, or work on Sunday, except work of necessity and charity, the court, speaking through Mr. Justice Woods, said:

"The grounds upon which courts have refused to maintain actions on contracts made in contravention of statutes for the observance of the Lord's day is the ele

Opinion of the Court.

mentary principle that one who has himself participated in the violation of the law cannot be permitted to assert in a court of justice any right founded upon or growing out of the illegal transaction."

It will be noted that the statute referred to in the decision quoted from is similar to the statute of this state.

There being no specific statute in this state making a contract void when signed on Sunday but delivered on a week day, we are impelled to hold that the bond in question is not void solely on the ground that it was signed on Sunday, when, as here, it bore date of a week day, and was delivered on a day other than Sunday. The law is well settled that an agreement does not become a complete and effective contract until delivery; in other words, the execution of a contract includes both the signing and delivery.

We are also of the opinion, whatever may be the rule in other states, that in this jurisdiction the fact that the bond was not signed by the contractor, the principal obligor, under the circumstances as here, did not have the effect to render it invalid. This was the rule announced by the Territorial Supreme Court in the case of Clark v. Bank of Hennessey, 14 Okla. 572, 79 Pac. 217, 2 Ann. Cas. 219, the fourth paragraph of the syllabus of which reads:

"The omission of the name of the principal, as one of the signers of a bank cashier's bond, even where his name appears in the body of the bond as principal, is a mere technical defect, and will not release the sureties, except in cases where the sureties signed upon conditions known to the obligee that the bond is not to take effect until signed by the principal."

The doctrine announced in this case has been approved by this court in the case of Daman et al. v. Chamberlain, 26 Okla. 631, 110 Pac. 1056. Counsel for plaintiffs in er

V

Crudup et al. v. Oklahoma Portland Cement Co.

ror contend, however, that the bonds involved in the case of Clark et al. v. Bank of Hennessey, supra, and in Daman et al. v. Chamberlain, supra, were in the nature of quasi official bonds provided for by law, and that this fact would take the present case outside the rule there announced. We are unable to agree with counsel in this contention. The true rule seems to be that if the principal obligor would be primarily bound for the obligation sought to be secured by the giving of the bond as fully without signing the bond as if signed by him, then the signing of such bond would be a mere form and an omission to do so by the principal would render it only technically defective, but such omission could in no case prejudice the rights of the sureties. It needs no argument or citation of authority in this case to show that the principal obligor is as fully bound for the obligation for which the sureties bound themselves without signing the bond as he would have been had he signed the same. The court did not find, neither did the evidence disclose, that the sureties intended that the obligation should not become effective unless signed by the principal.

There is no presumption arising that such a bond was not to be considered binding upon those signing until executed by all the obligors named in the body thereof. On the contrary, its execution is deemed prima facie complete, and it is for those who executed it to show that they were not to be bound unless it was executed by others. 32 Cyc. p. 50; People v. Stacy, 74 Cal. 373, 16 Pac. 192; Towns v. Kellett, 11 Ga. 286; Johnson v. Weatherwax, 9 Kan. 75; Stevens v. Wallace, 5 T. B. Mon. (Ky.) 404; Cutter v. Whittemore, 10 Mass. 442; Reed v. McGregor, 62 Minn. 95, 64 N. W. 88; State v. Sandusky, 46 Mo. 377; Mullen v.

Opinion of the Court.

Morris, 43 Neb. 596, 62 N. W. 74; Blume v. Bowman, 24 N. C. 338; Whitaker v. Richards, 134 Pa. 191, 19 Atl. 501, 7 L. R. A. 749, 19 Am. St. Rep. 684; Ward v. Churn, 18 Grat. (Va.) 801, 98 Am. Dec. 749; sections 151, 152, Brandt on Suretyship and Guaranty.

Had the evidence shown that the liability of the sureties was conditioned only upon the contractor, the principal obligor, signing the bond, as where surety signs an obligation on condition that certain other parties are to sign as sureties before the same shall become effective, and such facts are known to the obligee, then a different rule would apply. In such cases it is generally held that the liability of the surety never attaches.

The second and third contentions made by the plaintiffs in error are that the sureties were released for the reason that certain changes were made in the plans to the building without first being reduced to writing, and further, on account of payments being made to the contractor on estimates of the architect in excess of 90 per cent. as specified in the building contract. As a general rule, a surety is only held liable upon the exact contract on which he has bound himself, and a strict compliance with terms of the contract which he has entered into will generally be required, and any material change therein without the surety's consent will release him. Some authorities hold that changes in the contract made between the principal obligor and the obligee without the consent or knowledge of the surety, although such change does not increase his liability, will have the effect of releasing him. The trial court finds that some slight changes were made in the plans of the building between the contractor and the school district officers, the exact nature of which, from the testimony, could not be defi

Crudup et al. v. Oklahoma Portland Cement Co.

nitely ascertained, but that such changes did not increase the costs of the construction, and that neither the plaintiff nor the sureties had any knowledge of such changes. The court further finds that the building contract authorized changes to be made by agreement between the contracting parties. There is no finding to the effect that such agreement providing for such changes should be in writing. The record discloses, however, that verbal testimony was introduced tending to show that the contract provided that any changes to be made should first be reduced to writing.

We are of the opinion that in view of the findings of the court and the fact that the plaintiff had nothing to do with such changes, or knowledge thereof, the same would not have the effect of releasing the sureties so far as affects the rights of the plaintiff. Several authorities are cited, including one case from this court, to the effect that any material changes or deviation by consent of the contractor and the builder without the consent of the surety will have the effect to release him. But an examination of these cases will disclose that such changes were made between the contractor and builder without the consent of the sureties, and that the builder afterward sought relief against the sureties. Where the contract provides, as here, for a class of beneficiaries, securing them against loss for material furnished and labor performed, etc., and changes are made in the contract by and between the contractor and the builder without the consent of the surety, while under the general rule such surety will be released as to any liability to the builder, he will not be released as to any liability to third parties who furnish material or labor under the special provision of the contract providing security for the payment of such material so furnished, when such changes