THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

Sentences are called compound when they consist of two or more coördinate', principal propositions joined together. The relation in which the propositions of a compound sentence may stand to each other are threefold:-1. The Copulative; 2. The Adversative; 3. The Causative: as,

1. The Diet was convened, and a new treaty was agreed to' (COPUL.)

2. He requested his trial might be postponed; but his petition was refused' (ADv.)

3. I cannot go with you, for I have an appointment' (CAUS.)

THE COPULATIVE RELATION.

In the copulative relation, the second is merely joined to the first proposition by the conjunctions and,' not only-but,' 'neither —nor,' ' either or.'

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EXERCISE 1.

Let the learner point out the coördinate propositions in the following sentences, and show how they are joined together.

The government had a new motive for buying the members; and the members had no new motive for refusing to sell themselves.

The word coördinate means of the same rank or order;' subordinate, in a lower rank, or under the orders of another.

'This corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.'

Let but one brave, great, active, disinterested man arise, and he will be received, followed, venerated.

They were not only kindly received by the queen in her own tent, but were sent back loaded with presents. Prosperity gains friends, and adversity tries them.

'The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold,
And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold;
And the sheen of his spears was like stars in the sea,
When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee.'

The chill dews were falling around me, and the shades of evening stretched over the landscape.

EXERCISE 2.

Let the learner be required to construct any given number of sentences like the above, and point out their coördinate propositions.

THE ADVERSATIVE RELATION.

In the adversative relation, the coördinate propositions in a sentence are opposed to each other. The conjunctions here employed are, eitheror,' 'yet,' 'but,'' still,' &c.

EXERCISE 1.

Point out the coördinate propositions in the following sentences, and show how they are connected to each other.

Science may raise you to eminence, but virtue alone can guide you to felicity.

Though rules and instructions cannot do all that is requisite, they may do much that is of real use.

Though all differ, yet all pitch upon some one beauty which peculiarly suits their turn of mind.

Either this man must be removed from his office, or the whole plan must be reconsidered.

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune;
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And, by opposing, end them.'

Must we, in your person, crown the author of the public calamities, or must we destroy him?

EXERCISE 2.

Let the learner construct any given number of compound sentences having coördinate propositions joined by the adversative relation.

THE CAUSATIVE RELATION.

In the causative relation, one coördinate proposition of the sentence has a logical dependence on the other. This dependence may express:

1. An effect; as, 'The clouds threaten rain, and therefore I will defer my journey.'

2. A reason; as, 'He who has a knowledge of the works of God can never be solitary; for, in the most lonely solitude, he is not destitute of company and conversation.'

EXERCISE 1.

Let the learner point out the causative relation in the following sentences, and show by what conjunctions the coördinate propositions are joined together.

Every man under his command became familiar with his looks and with his voice; for there was not a regiment which he did not inspect with minute attention.

One should take more than ordinary care to guard against inconsistency, because it is that which our nature very strongly inclines us to.

We proceed because we have begun; and we complete our design that the labour already spent may not be vain.

I have the greatest confidence in his judgment; and, therefore, shall certainly follow his advice in this

matter.

'My arm shall give thee help to bear thee hence;
For I do see the cruel pangs of death

Right in thine eye.'

The Scythians think an appeal to the gods superfluous; for those who have no regard for the esteem of men, will not hesitate to offend the gods by perjury.

The weakest reasoners are always the most positive in debate; and the cause is obvious; for they are unavoidably driven to maintain their pretensions by violence who want arguments and reasons to prove that they are in the right.

'Tis but by parts we follow good or ill;
For, vice or virtue, self directs us still.'

EXERCISE 2.

The learner is to construct any given number of compound sentences having the coördinate propositions joined together by the causative relation.

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES.

1. What is a sentence?

2. Of how many parts does the simplest sentence necessarily consist?

3. Mention their names.

4. What is a subject?

5. Explain the meaning of the term 'predicate.'

6. In what forms may a subject be expressed?

7. Show the difference between a simple and an extended subject.

8. Show some of the ways in which a subject may be extended.

9. What is a predicate?

10. In how many forms may a simple sentence be expressed? (explain them).

11. How may the simple predicate be expressed?

12. Show how the simple predicate may be extended.

13. What is meant by the direct object?'

14. Explain the meaning of the indirect object.'

15. Mention some of the various ways in which a predicate may be extended.

16. Give some examples of the extension of the predicate under the heads of time, place, and manner.

17. Write a sentence which will illustrate the extension of the predicate by cause and effect.

18. Explain the difference between simple, complex, and compound sentences.

19. What is meant by a subordinate proposition?

20. Into how many, and what classes are subordinate propositions divided?

21. Write some sentences exemplifying the different forms of subordinate propositions.