1. By an adjective; as, 'Green fields are pleasant. Cunning people are shunned.'

2. By a noun in apposition; as, 'My brother John is at home.'

NOTE. In impersonal forms the pronoun 'it' stands in apposition to the infinitive phrase which follows; as, 'It is healthy to rise early.' Here to rise early' is in apposition with it: It (i. e. to rise early) is healthy.'

3. By a participle; as, 'The man, being fatigued, sat down.'

4. By a noun in the possessive form; as, My sister's book is lost.'

5. By a preposition, with its object; as, ‘The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom.' 'The possessor of riches has influence.' 'A man of amiable disposition is beloved.'

6. Several adjectives may be applied to the same noun when used as a subject; as, ‘A stupid, silly, old man met me.' 'A young, strong, active servant is wanted.'

7. The subject may be extended by having several nouns used in apposition with it; as, Cæsar, the conqueror of Gaul and master of Rome, was assassinated.'

8. A participle, or adjective, used to extend a subject, may be followed by its object, or by a preposition with its object; as, 'The boy, having finished his work, went home.' Unconscious of the danger, he marched boldly forward.'

9. Several of these forms may be employed to extend the subject at the same time; as, 'Charles XII. of Sweden, a prince of unbounded ambition, and singular military abilities, having lost the battle of Pultowa, and escaped to Turkey, fell by a cannon-ball at Fredericshall.'

EXERCISE 1.

Let the pupil copy out the following sentences, underlining the words which extend the subject; and marking them 1, 2, 3, &c., accordingly as they may be referred to the above explained cases.

Charles the Bald was an imbecile monarch. The purest treasure is a spotless reputation. It will be better to adopt this plan. A portion of the fleet sailed far above the town. An easy, unforced strain of sentiment runs through their compositions. 'Highest queen of state, great Juno comes.' The opportunity presented to you was let slip. The first great obstacle to knowledge is the pursuit of many objects at once. The most ignorant, vain, and conceited men are generally the most pretentious. Napoleon, being defeated at Waterloo, and despairing of regaining his lost power, surrendered to the English. My uncle's house is now rebuilt. Alexander, son of Philip of Macedon, and conqueror of the Persians, died at Babylon. My companion's horse was lame. The men, having eaten their dinner, returned to their work.

EXERCISE 2.

Let the pupil construct sentences, having the subjects extended, according to the ways explained in Nos. 1, 2, 3, &c.

OF THE PREDICATE.

The predicate declares something of the subject-1. What it is; 2. What it does; 3. What is done to it: as, 1. The day is fine;' 2. Fire burns; 3. The dog was hurt.'

EXERCISE 1.

The pupil is to point out, in the following sentences, to which of these three meanings the predicate points.

Leonidas was brave. assisted. The king gave an audience. A courier had been riding. The danger was great. A garrison had been posted. All was over. The earth was soaked with rain. The population is large. A harbour was formed. We passed the church. The conversation was agreeable. The men were silenced. You will not help me. The town was agitated. The streets are broad.

The woman cried. I shall be

EXERCISE 2.

Let the pupil construct sentences having predicates of the three sorts above explained.

The predicate, like the subject, may be simple or extended.

THE SIMPLE PREDICATE.

The simple predicate is expressed either (1) by a single verb, or (2) by a part of the verb to be,' followed by a noun, an adjective, or a phrase; as,

1. The dog barks.

1. The wind blows.

1. She sang.

2. Great Britain is an island.

2. The boy is diligent.

2. The affair is of no importance.

EXERCISE 1.

Underline the predicates in the following sentences, and show to which form (1 or 2) they belong.

The children are playing. Every thing is useful. The moon shines. He is kind to his companions. This is a puzzle. I am of the same opinion. My time. is occupied. Do you remember? You are welcome. These questions should be asked. The master will be angry. Many have been surprised. Those were happy days. The bell rings. How beautiful is Nature! The period has elapsed. Bruce was a traveller. Are you satisfied? The rest were sent away. He was not to blame.

EXERCISE 2.

Let the pupil construct sentences having simple predicates of the two forms above explained.

THE EXTENDED PREDICATE.

The simple predicate may be extended

- 1st.

By completion; 2nd. By qualification: as, The gardener sweeps the paths neatly.'

Subject. Predicate.

Completion of Qualification
predicate. of predicate.
neatly.

The gardener sweeps

the paths

THE COMPLETED PREDICATE.

The predicate requires completion whenever the verb leaves the sense vague concerning the action affirmed; as, "The master rewarded' (here

we naturally ask whom he rewarded) the scholar.' "The scholar' completes the predicate, and conveys perfect sense. (Whenever a transitive verb is used, the completion of the predicate is termed the object).

EXERCISE 1.

Underline all the words which complete the predicate.

Cæsar crossed the Rubicon. The man was reading a book intently. He gained immense wealth by attention to business. They endured many hardships. Never shall I forget his look. I easily perceived her eagerness. This writer drew character to perfection. My uncle made no remark on that subject. The general gained several victories over the Austrians. The children teased their father and mother incessantly. They were admiring the structure of a spider's web. How eagerly do we adopt such designs!

EXERCISE 2.

Let the pupil form similar sentences, underlining those words which complete the predicate.

THE DIRECT OBJECT.

The direct object is a word or phrase following and depending on the transitive verb, and may be expressed by the same forms as the subject; as,

The boy cuts the meat.
I see it distincly.

We condemn the idle.

I wish to see you.
John prefers staying at home.