pect of new enemies. The minister, well acquainted with the conspiracy, ordered all those concerned in it to be arrested. The enemy retained possession of the city. Spain abandoned all the towns conquered in the last campaign. He refused to comply with the request. Deceived by these appearances, the Commons voted a large sum for the prosecution of the war.

Both the participles, complete and incomplete, may be used as attributive adjectives.

N.B.-When so used, they are always placed before the nouns they qualify.

EXERCISE.

Mark the words in italics either with a P or an A, accordingly as they are used as participles or adjectives.

It was a very amusing story. I found him amusing his companions with an account of his adventures. Astonished at this event, the king ordered the general to quit the country. This letter revealed the whole plot to the astonished governor. Rising in their demands, they at length claimed the right of organising a new government. He was then a rising officer. No arguments could induce the terrified captive to be com~ posed. Terrified by these threats, the soldiers immediately laid down their arms. He expressed sorow for his offence, promising to do better for the future. This boy is one of my most promising pupils. Thus abandoned by his partisans, he began to despair of success. He is an abandoned character. They became declared enemies. I shall adhere to the principles already de

clared. This was the finishing stroke to his policy. Finishing the despatch, he delivered it to the messenger. She is a finished performer. Incensed at this news, the king ordered the president to be arrested. Nothing could appease the anger of the incensed monarch. The prince, always intriguing, repeatedly insulted the queen and the cardinal. By the advice of this intriguing prelate, the prince was arrested. His opinion was openly declared.

ON ADVERBS.

An adverb is a word which qualifies verbs, adjectives, and sometimes other adverbs, as to time, place, manner, degree, &c.; as, 'He often comes here;' She was extremely kind;' water flows very gently."

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1

Adverbs are of various classes:

The

1. Of time; as, now, then, when, always, often, seldom, before, late, to-day, to-morrow, yesterday, early, presently, long, ever, hereafter, yet, soon.

2. Of place; as, here, there, where; hither, thither, whither; hence, thence, whence; yonder, above, below, around, backwards, forwards; near, far, within, forth, off, by.

3. Of manner; as, how, so, softly, quietly, quickly, well, ill, brightly, ably, &c.

In some few cases, adverbs qualify nouns; as, 'It is almost time,'' nearly seven o'clock,' &c.

4. Of degree; as, very, too, almost, quite, nearly, much.

5. Of quantity; as, much, little, enough.

6. Of affirmation and negation; as, yes, yea, aye, no, nay, not, never.

7. Of number; as, once, twice, thrice; first, secondly, thirdly, &c.

EXERCISE.

Point out the adverbs in the following sentences, and show to which class they belong.

How do you do? Very well, I thank you. It seldom, if ever, happens. Shall you arrive late? No; I shall be with you early. He is so easily alarmed that I am always on my guard. 'Fly not yet.' They live close by. It was well done. The room was hung round with festoons. The affairs were so ill managed that the company soon failed. She was almost dead with fright. I am quite certain that I never saw him before. They called once or twice. Have you enough to eat? Oh, yes! I am much obliged to you. He is not so diligent as he was formerly. I was then too young to understand the question; now, I find it easy enough. The boys were swinging backwards and forwards on the gate. Will you take any more ? I am far from being of the same opinion. He was just going off, when the bell rang violently. Hence, loathed Melancholy!' Where is your brother? Yonder he walks. Softly; not so fast, if you please. My brother is nearly fourteen years of age. It will not be long before I see you again. My sister will be here presently.

ON CONJUNCTIONS.

A conjunction is a word that joins nouns, adjectives, and sentences together; as, 'My brother and sister are gone;' 'He is good and wise; ' 'I will do so, since he advises it.'

Conjunctions are divided into classes, as: 1. Copulative; and, also, both - and.

nor,

2. Disjunctive; either-or, neither whether or, lest, but, nevertheless, though, although, yet.

3. Causal; because, for, since, that.

4. Comparative; than.

5. Conditional; if, unless.

6. Illative;1 then, therefore, wherefore. 7. Of Equality; so, as, as-well-as.

The conjunctions in the list below are followed by others as their correlatives:

I am as old as he.

SO As this has happened, so will it happen

again.

and. Both he and my brother came.
Either one or the other is wrong.
It is neither you nor I.

or .

nor

as.

. He is not so clever as his brother. yet. Though he is strong, yet I do not fear him.

1 That is, leading to an inference or conclusion.

EXERCISE.

Mark the conjunctions in the following sentences, as copulative, disjunctive, &c.

Since you will not undertake this affair, either I or my brother will do it. I have no doubt that you will accomplish your purpose. 'Enough is as good as a feast.' Though I cautioned him, yet he would not take my advice. He adopted this plan, because he thought it the best. James is fourteen months older than John. Not only my sisters, but some of their friends also, are coming. I told him that you were very angry. The outhouses, as well as the building itself, were consumed. I cannot accompany you, for I have an appointment. He would not do this, lest he should vex his father. You will never improve, unless you work more diligently. Both the boy and the girl are ill. He can neither read nor write. I conclude, then, that you will not come. The weather is not so fine as it was yesterday. He is good, therefore he is happy. It is of no consequence whether he think so or not.

ON PREPOSITIONS.

A preposition is a word placed between nouns and pronouns, to show the relation of one to the other; as, The box is on the table.' (Here, the preposition 'on' shows the relation between the box and the table.) The box is under the table.' (Here, under shows a different relation between the box and the table.)