be so,' expresses what may possibly at some future time prove to be true. If it is so,' expresses

what is now ascertained to be true.

EXERCISE.

The pupil is to select the correct form in the parentheses.

If he (listens, or listen?) to your directions, he will be sure to do well. If, as you say, the bill (is, or be?) passed, we shall soon feel its effects. If he (speak, or speaks?) only to display his abilities, he is unworthy of attention. Unless the pupil (learns, or learn?) faster, he will never know much. Though I (was, or were?) perfect, yet I would not presume. If I (were, or was?) in your place, I would act differently. Remember what thou (wert, or wast?) and be humble. Despise no one, lest his condition (happen, or happens?) to be thine. If he (desires, or desire?) to gain the love of others, he does not use the proper means. Though self-denial (produce, or produces ?) some uneasiness, it is light when compared with the pain of vicious self-indulgence. Suppose it (was, or were ?) different; what then? If you (be, or are?) of that opinion, I have nothing to add. No fear lest dinner (cools, or cool?) Take care that your work (is, or be ?) not spoiled. Tell me if it (is, or be?) so. Whatever (happen, or happens?) you shall be the first to know it.

THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

The infinitive mood is used in three ways-1st, subjectively; as, To act honestly is the duty of all men.' 2nd, objectively; as, I wish to see

you.' 3rd, intentionally; as, "He went out to purchase some books.'

N.B. When the infinitive is used objectively, its sign to' is not always expressed.

EXERCISE.

Mark the infinitives used subjectively with an S; those used objectively, with an O; and those used to express intention, with an I. Also underline the infinitives which have their sign' to' understood.

This made me think differently of him. Endeavour to improve your character. To bear complaints with patience is the duty of friendship. We heard the thunder roar. You need not explain this any further. His mother lets him do just as he pleases. I hardly know what to adopt and what to reject. It is better to live on little than to spend more than we can afford., His friend wished to undertake this speculation. They cannot escape. I have known him speak for three hours together on this subject. Desire the servant to call a coach. The design of learning is either to render a man an agreeable companion to himself; or, if he is not born to an estate, to supply that defect, and furnish him with the means of acquiring one. To be affected in any way is at all times, in all places, and in all degrees, to be disagreeable. He promised to send back the music. He is here to answer for himself. It is not pleasant to be spoken to in this manner. My sister is just going to pay you a visit. They expected to see us. To have been overruled in this matter was a subject of great mortification.

The infinitive indefinite, when used objectively, expresses what is present or past with regard to the time of the governing verb; as, 'I believe him (now) to be an excellent man;' ‘I believed him (then) to be an excellent man.'

The infinitive complete expresses an action performed prior to the time of the governing verb; as, Galileo is said to have invented the telescope.'

EXERCISE.

The pupil is to select the correct form in the parentheses.

I intended (to call, or to have called?) on you yesterday. He is reported (to have been, or to be?) present on that occasion. They expected (to have heard, or to hear?) from you this morning. It was their business (to interpose, or to have interposed ?) their kind offices. I desired the boy (to have taken, or to take?) back the parcel to the coach-office. It was his duty (to do, or to have done?) as he was desired. It was necessary for them (to have lost, or to lose?) no time. They would have found it difficult (to invent, or to have invented?) such a species of beings. Judging from his conversation, he seems (to have studied, or to study?) the classics with great attention. If these persons had intended (to deceive, or to have deceived?) us, they would have taken care (to have avoided, or to avoid?) those objections. It would have been gratifying to me (to relieve, or, to have relieved?) him in his difficulties. His determination was too strong (to have been, or to be?) shaken by so slight an opposition. He

was much better than I expected (to find, or to have found?) him. It would have afforded me great pleasure (to be, or to have been ?) the bearer of such good news. I believe my late friend (to have been, or to be?) a most excellent man. The Roman orator Cicero is said (to be, or to have been?) a man of most amiable disposition. No modern nation has been found (to have excelled, or to excel?) the ancient Greeks in art. Julius Cæsar is considered (to be, or to have been?) one of the greatest soldiers of antiquity. Nothing could have induced him (to have acted, or to act?) against what he considered (to be, or to have been ?) his duty.

PARTICIPLE FOR INFINITIVE.

After some verbs, the incomplete participle (in ing) may be used, instead of the infinitive. N.B.-The infinitive expresses the simple act; the participle, the continued or repeated act.

EXERCISE.

Write out the following sentences, substituting the participle (in ing) for the infinitive mood.

I saw the boy strike his brother. We heard him speak to his friend. The travellers beheld the sun set behind the mountain. They observed him climb the wall. If I ever find you act in this way again, I shall be extremely angry. He felt the sun scorch him terribly. The water has just begun to boil. The culprit was observed to escape through the garden. The prisoner was seen to carry off all the booty. Did

you hear your brother say anything about it? They saw the gardener dig up those roots, and transplant them to another part of the garden.

The participle complete, and the past indefinite indicative of weak verbs, both end in ed: take care not to confound them.

N.B.-The participle expresses a condition or state of things; the verb expresses an action.

EXERCISE.

Mark all the words in italics in the following sentences with a P or a V, accordingly as they are participles or verbs.

She amused the little children. I found her seated in the arbour. This story, though badly told, was in itself interesting. Freed from all anxiety, he now devoted himself to his favourite study. Secluded from society, he passed his life in retirement. The merchants engaged in this commerce. Alarmed at this intrusion, they violently remonstrated. I continued my occupation undisturbed. Many, allured by this prospect, settled in the island. Struck with consternation, they immediately conceded all our demands. The republicans, flushed with success, now became more ambitious. The two ships sailed, both commanded by skilful captains. Being endowed with many high qualities, he acquired a great reputation. You may go, provided I am well enough to accompany you. When informed of these transactions, he hesitated. Both sides prepared for war. These fears, added to the horrors of the impending contest, increased their pros