since when? de quando acá? from what time? how long? de quando em quando, now and then, ever and anon; daquí em diánte, henceforward, hereafter; tarde, late; cedo, soon; ás vezes, some times; quando? when? ántes, before; ainda, não, not yet; até, until; logo que, tanto que, as soon as.

Adverbs of place. As, where? onde, here; aquí, from whence? donde, there; ali, from hence; dáqui ahí ónde estás, there were you are; acolá, there; lá, there; traz detraz, behind; dentro, within, &c.

Adverbs of quantity. Quando? how much? quantos as, how many? tanto, so much; muito, much; pouco, little.

CHAPTER VIL }

OF THE PREPOSITIONS.

Every preposition requires some cases after it, as it will be seen in the following collection.

Genitive.

• Antes do dia, before day break; diante de Deos, before God.

Dentro da igreja, within the church.

Detras do palacio, behind the palace.
Debaxo da mésa, under the table.
Em cima da mesa, upon the table.

Alem, besides; alem dos mares, on that side of the seas; alem disso, moreover.

Aquem, or dáquem dos mares, on this side of the seas. Ao redor da cidade, round about the city; perto de Londres, near London.

Fóra da cása, out of the house.

But fora without the preposition de, means except: as, fóra seu irmáō, except his brother, or his brother excepted.

De fronte de minha casa, over-against my house,
De fronte da igreja, facing the church.

Depois de céar, after supper.

Dative.

Pegado á muralha, close to the wall.
Quanto áquillo, with respect to that.

Desde o pico dó pé até à cabeça, from top to toe;

Accusative.

Entre, between, amongst.
Entre os homens, among men.
Perante o juiz, before the judge.

Conforme, or segundo a léy, according to the law.

Sobre a mesa, upon the table.

Por amor de Deos, for God's sake.

Pelo mundo, through the world.

Contra elles, against them.

Traz o templo, behind the temple.

Durante o inverno, during the winter.

We shall be more particular about prepositions, when we examine their construction.

CHAPTER VIII.

OF THE CONJUNCTION.

The copulative conjunction in Portuguese, is e, and. The disjunctive are, nem, nor, neither; ou, either, or: example; nem este, nem aquelle, neither this, nor that; ou este, ou aquelle, either this or that; nem máis, nem menos, neither more nor less; quer o faça, quer nao, todo para mim he o mismo, whether he does it or no, it is all one to me; quer

seja verdade, quer nao, whether it be true or not; nem se quer hum, not even one.

The adversative, or those that denote restriction or certainty; are mas, or porem, but; com tudo, yet, however; mas ántes, or pello contrario. nay, on the contrary.

The conjunctions conditional, are se, if; com condiçaon que, com isto que, dado caso que, provided that, in case that, &c.

The concessive: as, embora, seja embora, well and good; está feito, done, agreed.

The causal: as, por que, for, because, why.

The concluding: as, logo, por consequencia, therefore, then, consequently.

The transitive: as, álem disso, moreover, besides that; sobre tudo, em súmma, after all, upon the whole, in the main; a propósito, to the purpose, purposedly.

There are others of a different sort: as, se quer, ao ménos, at least; ainda que, although; desorte que, so that; antes quero pedir que furtar, I'll rather ask than steal; ántes morreréi que dizer volo, I'll rather die than tell you; ja que, since, &c. ora vejamos orá não, either we see or not; záz, tráz, thwick, thwack.

CHAPTER IX.

OF THE INTERJECTIONS.

Of joy; ha! ha! ha! ha, ha, ha, oh, que gosto, oh, what a joy.

Of grief; ay! alas! fah! ay de mim! woe is me! lack! meu Deos! my God!

To encourage; ánimo! ora vamos, come, come on.
To call; o, olá, ho, hey, hip!

Of surprise or admiration; o, o, lá, ahi! lack a day; apré, hey day.

Of aversion; i'rra! náda! fóra! away, away, away with, fye! guardem se, for shouting; viva! huzza!

Of silence; calái vos! hush! peace!

Of cursing and threatening; ai, guái, woe.

Of wishing; o provéra a Deos! oxala! would to God! o se! oh! if.

PART II.

SYNTAX.

CHAPTER I.

OF THE ORDER OF WORDS.

1. The nominative either a noun or pronoun, is generally placed before the verb: as, Francisco escreve, eu fallo, Francis writes, I speak.

2. The adjectives are put after the substantive: as, os es tudantes morigerados é diligentes estudaō, the obedient and diligent scholars study.

3. The article is always before the noun.

4. Sometimes an infinitive is put for a noun, and stands as a nominative; o dormir faz bem, sleeping does one good; and sometimes it is put after the verb: as, he acto de humanidade ter compaixão dos afflictos, for ter compaixão, he acto, to have compassion on the afflicted, is an act of humanity. 5. The nominative is sometimes understood: as, amo, I love, &c.

6. The adverb is placed immediately after the verb: as Pedro ama por extremo a gloria, Peter is extremely, fond of glory.

7. The cases governed by the verb are put after it: as, eu amo á Pedro, I love Peter.