A. Clarke.)-Almost every modern commentator of note has largely availed himself of the previous labours of Wetstein.

12. Joannis Bengelii Gnomon Novi Testamenti, in quo, ex nativâ Verborum Vi, Simplicitas, Profunditas, Concinnitas, et Salubritas sensuum cœlestium, indicatur. Ulm, 1763, best edition, 4to.

"This work contains an instructive preface, a perspicuous analysis of each book, with short notes, in the true taste of judicious criticism. His plan is a perfect contrast to that of Wolfius. Simplicem fere veritatem, sine sylva multarum opinionum, propono." (Dr. Williams.) Bengel's Gnomon is a very valuable substitute for the more expensive critical commentaries on the New Testament; he excels in showing the connection and harmony of Scripture, and how Scripture is to be interpreted by Scripture. The generally cheap price of this book greatly enhances its value.

13. H KAINH AIA@HKH. Novum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi, cum Scholiis theologicis et philologicis. 8vo. 2 vols. Londini, 1768; 2d edit. 1776; 3d edit. 1820.

The editor of this work was a Mr. Hardy. "It is a very useful companion to every biblical student, and has gone through two editions (the second in 1776), the first of which is the best; but it must be acknowledged that the Greek text in both is inexcusably incorrect." (Dr. Clarke.) The third edition of this work is the most correct: it is beautifully printed. The notes are chiefly extracted from Poole's Synopsis.

14. Christ. Gottfr. Küttneri Hypomnemata in Novum Testamentum, quibus Græcitas ejus explicatur, et Scholiis, quæ ex Scriptis recentiorum quorundam magni nominis philologorum excerpta sunt, illustratur. Lipsia, 1780. 8vo.

15. Novum Testamentum Græcè, perpetuâ Annotatione illustratum. Editio Koppiana. Vols. III. IV. VI.—X. Gottinga, 1778—

1821.

G. B. Koppe (from whom this edition derives its distinctive appellation), — a man of extensive learning and uncommon critical acumen, in the year 1778 published a plan of a new edition of the New Testament, with a corrected text, short critical notes, and some excursus, or somewhat more extended philological ones : and at the same time gave a specimen in the Epistles of Paul to the Galatians, Ephesians, and Thessalonians. A second edition of this specimen appeared in 1791, and a third in 1823, corrected and enlarged by professor T. C. Tychsen, which in the title page is called Vol. VI. of the projected work. Koppe lived only to add another volume, numbered IV., on the epistle to the Romans, which was published in 1783. Since that period, at very irregular intervals, L. H. Heinrichs has published Vol. III. in two parts, containing the Acts of the Apostles (which is more particularly noticed in p. 794, infra), in 1809; Vol. VII. in two parts, 1792, containing the epistles to the Colossians, Philippians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon; Vol. VIII. in one part, containing the epistle to the Hebrews, and the Apocalypse in two parts, forming Vol. X. 1821. Of the Catholic Epistles, which are to form Vol. IX. D. J. Pott has published two fasciculi, the first containing the epistle of James, and the second containing the two epistles of Peter. The third fasciculus which is to contain the epistles of John and Jude has not yet appeared. Pott has also undertaken to furnish Vol. V. which is to comprise the two epistles to the Corinthians. Vols. I. and II., containing the four Gospels, are undertaken by persons, whom Heinrichs declares to be every way competent to the task. The plan of this work appears to be excellent. There is, first of all, at the head of the page, a corrected text, agreeing for the most part with that of Griesbach's edition, divided into paragraphs according to the sense, while the ordinary notation of chapters and verses is given in the margin. Then follow brief notes, strictly critical, assigning the reasons for the variations from the textus receptus; and below these, at the bottom of the page, there are notes of a philological nature, of considerable extent. These notes are precisely of the kind which are to be found in the best critical editions of the classics. Their sole object is, to enable the reader distinctly and accurately to apprehend the meaning of the original writers. To illustrate a phrase of doubtful meaning, first of all are brought forward the passages, where the writer uses the same or a similar mode of expression; then

other New Testament writers are appealed to; then the Greek translators of the Old Testament are cited; then the Apocryphal writers; and also Josephus and Philo; and, last of all, the classical authors are referred to. All doctrinal discussions are carefully avoided. To each book are prefixed prolegomena, in which questions relating to their author's authenticity, &c. are discussed and to each book also are subjoined short excursus or disquisitions on passages of extraordinary obscurity, or on phrases of frequent occurrence, or which are used in a particular sense by the sacred writers.

With regard to the execution of the plan above detailed: - Koppe's two volumes are by far the best of the series: he is a remarkably cautious critic and judicious interpreter. But the second edition of his commentary on the epistle to the Romans contains some very exceptionable notes by Professor Ammon: they are however carefully distinguished from those of Koppe. Both Heinrichs and Pott are, unhappily, tainted with that lax system of interpretation and excess of philological speculation, which are the characteristics of the modern theologians and biblical critics of Germany. (Christian Monitor, vol. ii. pp. 642–644. Edinburgh, 1822. 8vo.)

16. G. F. Hezel Novi Fœderis Volumina Sacra, Virorum Clarissimorum opera ac studio, e Scriptoribus Græcis, illustrata. Halæ, 1788. 8vo.

This work, which has never been completed, contains the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, cum Notis Variorum, and embodies the labours of Wetstein, Raphelius, Palairet, Kype, Alberti, Bos, and others.

17. H KAINH ALA@HKH. Novum Testamentum, cum Notis Theologicis et Philologicis. Londini, in ædibus typographicis A. J. Valpy, 1816. 3 vols. Svo.

A work executed with equal correctness and elegance: there are a few copies on large paper which are truly beautiful. The Greek is that of the received text; and the Scholia are arranged in a similar order with those of Hardy's edition just noticed. They are chiefly selected from Grotius, Elsner, Raphelius, Bos, Palairet, Kype, and Rosenmüller. To each book is prefixed a short account of its author, occa sion, and object, drawn up in pure and elegant Latinity. For this valuable auxiliary to sacred studies, the biblical student is indebted to the Rev. Edmund Valpy, B. D. Head Master of the Endowed Grammar School at Norwich. It is no mean commendation of this commodious and valuable edition of the New Testament, that an eminent prelate of the Anglican church, who has examined it, has signified his approbation of every passage on which any controversy was likely to be occasioned, and has stated that, had he edited it, it would have been similarly edited.

18. Lud. Casp. Valckenarii Selecta e Scholis [Scholiis] in Libros quosdam Novi Testamenti, Editore Discipulo E. Van Wassenbergh, qui Dissertationem præmisit de Glossis Novi Testamenti. Amst. 1816. 1818. 2 vols. 8vo.

Valckenaer was one of the most distinguished critics of the last century. These extracts from his Scholia are wholly philological. To the first volume, M. Wassenbergh has prefixed a dissertation on those passages, which he thinks were originally glosses, written in the margin of manuscripts, but which in the lapse of ages have become incorporated with the text. To the second volume he has also prefixed a Dissertation respecting the Trajections often necessary in the New Testament. Some of these trajections or transpositions are arbitrary enough. Bishop Jebb has given a specimen of them with some just castigatory remarks, in his Sacred Literature, pp. 128-130.

19. The Text of the New Testament of Jesus Christ, translated out of the vulgar Latine, by the Papists of the traiterous seminary at Rheims, with arguments of Bookes, Chapters, and Annotations, pretending to discover the corruptions of divers translations, and to clear the controuersies of these dayes. With the authorised English Version, and a confutation of all such arguments, glosses, and annotations, as contain manifest impiety or heresy, treason and slander against the Catholic Church of God, and the true teachers thereof,

or the translations used in the Church of England. By W. Fulke, D. D. London, 1617 & 1633. folio.

This elaborate work first appeared in 1580, and was again reprinted in 1601. That late elegant scholar and pious divine, the Rev. James Hervey (though sometimes rather too candid and indiscriminate in his public recommendations of books), passed the following very just encomium on Dr. Fulke's noble performance:- He styles it "a valuable piece of antient controversy and criticism, full of sound divinity, weighty arguments, and important observations;" adding "would the young student be taught to discover the very sinews of popery, and be enabled to give an effectual blow to that complication of errors, I scarce know a treatise better calculated for the purpose."

20. A Commentary or Exposition on the New Testament; with a Decad of Common Places. By John Trapp. London, 1647. 2 vols. 4to.

A work containing many judicious observations, culled from various sources, but for the most part expressed in uncouth language. It is both scarce and dear. The same author also wrote commentaries on some parts of the Old Testament, which we have not seen.

21. A Paraphrase and Henry Hammond, D. D.

Annotations on the New Testament, by
London, 1702. folio, best edition.

The first edition of this valuable work appeared in 1653; it is in great and growing reputation. There are many good criticisms, but many that are much mistaken. Dr. Hammond "finds the Gnostics every where, which is his principal fault; many of Le Clerc's animadversions upon those places are very good; and his edition of his book in Latin I think much preferable to the original." (Dr. Doddridge.)

22. A Paraphrase on the New Testament, with Notes Doctrinal and Practical. By the Rev. Richard Baxter. London, 1695. 8vo. - Reprinted at London, 1810. 8vo.

The paraphrase is inserted between the verses of the text, and in a smaller type. The annotations are at the end of the chapters. They are for the most part very short, and contain much sound sense and piety. Mr. Baxter's "practical writings," said Dr. Barrow, "were never mended, and his controversial ones seldom refuted."

23. A Paraphrase and Commentary on the New Testament: to which is added a Chronology of the New Testament, and an alphabetical Table of Places mentioned in the New Testament. By Daniel Whitby, D. D. London, 1761. folio. 2 vols.

This is considered as the best edition: the work was first published in 1703: and the tenth edition, in 4to. appeared in 1807, Divines of every denomination concur in pronouncing Dr. Whitby's commentary to be, upon the whole, the best upon the New Testament that is extant in the English language. It is inserted in almost every list of books that we have seen recommended to students.

24. Expository Notes, with Practical Observations on the New Testament of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ; wherein the sacred Text is at large recited, the Sense explained, &c. &c. By William Burkitt, M. A. late Vicar and Lecturer of Dedham in Essex. London, 1814. 4to.

The first edition of this deservedly popular work was printed early in the last century; and its practical utility has caused it to be several times reprinted in folio, besides the above noticed edition in 4to. It does not profess to discuss critical questions, but is very useful for the inferences it deduces from the sacred text. Burkitt (says Dr. Doddridge) “has many schemes of old sermons; his sentiments vary in different parts of the work, as the authors from whom he took his materials were orthodox or not." The Reverend Dr. Glasse published an edition of this work, a few years since, in two volumes, 4to.; which were soon afterwards followed by an abridgment in one thick volume 8vo. for the use of the poor.

25. The Practical Expositor; or, an Exposition of the New Tes

tament in the Form of a Paraphrase, with occasional Notes, and serious Recollections at the end of each Chapter. By John Guyse, D. D. London, 1739-1752. 4to. 3 vols.

Dr. Guyse was an eminent dissenting divine of the eighteenth century, and in his religious principles Calvinistic. His paraphrase has never been popular, though it" is said to display a sound judgment, intimate acquaintance with the original, and considerable critical powers." (Chalmers's Biographical Dictionary, vol. xvi. p. 490.)

26. The Family Expositor; or a Paraphrase and Version of the New Testament, with Critical Notes, and a Practical Improvement of each Section. By Philip Doddridge, D. D. 6 vols. London, 1760-62. 4to. Also in 4 vols. 4to. London, 1808; and in 6 vols. 8vo.

The right reverend the Bishop of Durham (Sermons and Tracts, p. 150.), in addressing his clergy on the choice of books, characterises this masterly work in the following terms:-"In reading the New Testament, I recommend Doddridge's Family Expositor, as an impartial interpreter and faithful monitor. Other expositions and commentaries might be mentioned greatly to the honour of their respective authors, for their several excellencies; such as, elegance of exposition, acuteness of illustration, and copiousness of erudition: but I know of no expositor, who unites so many advantages as Doddridge; whether you regard the fidelity of his version, the fulness and perspicuity of his composition, the utility of his general and historical information, the impartiality of his doctrinal comments, or, lastly, the piety and pastoral earnestness of his moral and religious applications. He has made, as he professes to have done, ample use of the commentators that preceded him and in the explanation of grammatical difficulties, he has profited much more from the philological writers on the Greek Testament, than could almost have been expected in so multifarious an undertaking as the Family Erpositor. Indeed, for all the most valuable purposes of a Commentary on the New Testament, the Family Expositor cannot fall too early into the hands of those intended for holy orders." This admirable commentary is in the list of books recommended by Bishops Watson and Tomline, and almost every other theological

tutor.

:

An abridgment of the Family Expositor, upon a plan suggested by Dr. Doddridge himself, was published a few years since, by the late Reverend S. Palmer, entitled, "The Family Expositor abridged, according to the plan of its author; containing his version and the most useful explanatory notes, with practical reflections at the end of each section entire." 8vo. 2 vols. It forms a convenient companion to Mr. Orton's Exposition of the Old Testament, noticed in p. 758. of this Appendix.

27. Theological Lectures to the King's Scholars at Westminster Abbey, with an Interpretation of the New Testament, &c. &c. By John Heylin, D. D. London, 1749, 1761. 2 vols. 4to.

The first part of this work contains the interpretation of the four Gospels, the second part comprises the Acts of the Apostles and the several Epistles. "This interpretation, though far from being elegant, appears to us, in general, to be accurate and judicious, and shows that the author had carefully studied the original. The whole contains evident marks of solid judgment, critical skill, and considerable learning. In several parts of the work, indeed, the reader will perceive a small tincture of mysticism; and accordingly we are told, in the preface to the second part, that the author was deeply read in the writings of the mystic divines, and was styled by some the mystic doctor." (Monthly Review, O. S. vol. xxv. p. 33.)

28. The New Testament, carefully collated with the Greek, and corrected; divided and pointed according to the various subjects treated of by the Inspired Writers, with the common division into chapters and verses in the margin; and illustrated with notes critical and explanatory. By Richard Wynne, A. M. London, 1764. 2

vols. 8vo.

"Mr. Wynne seems to have made his divisions into chapters and verses, with a good deal of attention and judgment. As to the translation and many of the notes, they are so much taken from the Family Expositor of the late Reverend Dr. Dod

dridge, that the duty we owe the public obliges us to say, they are more the property of that learned critic than of our editor." (Monthly Review, O. S. vol. xxxi. pp. 406, 407.) The book, however, is useful, and not dear.

29. The New Testament or New Covenant of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, translated from the Greek, according to the present idiom of the English tongue. With Notes and References. By John Worsley. London, 1770. 8vo.

The design of this version is to depart, as little as possible, from the authorised translation, while the author has endeavoured (and with some degree of success) to bring it nearer to the original, and to make the form of expression more suited to our present language. He professes to have paid especial attention to the correct rendering of the particles, many of which, it is well known, are omitted in the autho rised version. The notes are very brief, and principally intended to confirm and illustrate the more literal or various renderings at the bottom of each page. "This work may be very usefully consulted: and persons, who are unacquainted with the original, may be able from hence to form their judgment concerning the translation in common use among us, and to improve their knowledge of the Scriptures." (Monthly Review, O. S. vol. xliii. p. 12.).

30. The Christian Expositor: being a brief Explanation of the New Testament, whereby the Holy Scriptures are rendered easy to be understood by the meanest capacities. By the Rev. James Ashton. London, 1774. 8vo.

"We think Mr. Ashton seems to have assumed rather too much in his title-page. We have looked over the volume, and find several pertinent illustrations; but we apprehend that this well-intended work will admit of a great deal of improvement." (Monthly Review, O. S. vol. lii. p. 365.)

31. An Exposition of the New Testament, intended as an Introduction to the Study of the Scriptures, by pointing out the leading sense and connection of the Sacred Writers. By Wm. Gilpin, M. A. 2 vols. 8vo.

This justly admired and ably executed work has gone through several editions: it first appeared in one volume, 4to. 1790. "The plan of the author is, to give the whole substance of the New Testament, verse by verse, in such a kind of paraphrase, as may make the historical parts run on in a pleasing style of narrative, and convey the doctrinal parts with such connection of the argument and illustra tion of the sense, as may induce even the idle to read the whole with pleasure. Sentences are occasionally thrown in for sake of explanation; but, of this and every deviation from the apparent literal sense of the context, due notice is given in the notes; which are numerous, learned, and satisfactory. We have not seen any plan more likely to attract all kinds of readers to this best of studies; and we are happy to bear testimony that the plan is executed with good sense, and without affectation." (British Critic, O. S. vol. iv. p. 122.) 32. A Translation of the New Testament. B. A. Second edition, with improvements. 8vo.

By Gilbert Wakefield,
London, 1795. 2 vols.

The first edition of this work was published in three volumes 8vo. 1792; -for an account of the merits and defects of this version, see Monthly Review, New Series, vol. viii. pp. 241-247. and vol. xx. p. 225. It was preceded, first, by a new translation of the Gospel of Saint Matthew, with notes critical, philological, and explanatory, 4to. London, 1782, of which a severe account is given in the same journal, vol. Ixix. Old Series, pp. 48-59.; and secondly, by a new translation of those parts only of the New Testament, which are wrongly translated in our common version. 8vo. London, 1789. This is a small work, but more valuable for reference than the work above noticed; as it consists simply of corrections of passages mistranslated, without any comment or observations.

33. A Translation of the New Testament, from the Original Greek. Humbly attempted by Nathaniel Scarlett, assisted by men of piety, and literature. With Notes. London, 1798. 8vo.

"It is with sincere regret that we see so much piety and good intention so very