a distance from the bullfinches and crossbills. The bill of Corythus, convex all round, has its point curved above the lower mandible. Colius he considers as nearly approaching the preceding.

M. Temminck thus defines the character of the Buntings (Emberiza of Linnæus). Bill short, strong, conical. compressed, trenchant, without a notch, mandibles having their edges included (the upper mandible being smaller than the lower), and a little distant from each other at the base Nostrils basal, rounded, surmounted by the frontal feathers which partially cover them. Feet with three anterior and one posterior toe, the anterior toes entirely divided, and the posterior toe with a short and curved nail: in a small number of species this nail is straight and long. Hings with the first quill rather shorter than the second and third, which are the longest. Tail forked or slightly rounded. It will be observed that in this generic character M. Temminck has omitted the projecting tubercle on the palate; and he gives as a reason for this omission, that it is not visible externally.

Food, Habits, Reproduction.-The principal food of the Buntings consists of farinaceous seeds, to which insects are occasionally added. The greater number haunt woods and ex-gardens, and build their nests in bushes. Those which have the posterior nail or claw long, live among the rocks, or in the plains, and do not frequent the woods. In almost all the species the sexes present a marked difference, the males being variegated with lively and well defined colours. The young may be distinguished from the females, which they much resemble by their more sombre colouring, and a greater number of deep spots. None of the indigenous species moult twice, but the greater part of the foreign species do so regularly, and the colours of the males change considerably in these two moults: in the summer they are adorned with brilliant colours; in the winter they put on the modest livery of the females. (Temminck.) The same ornithologist divides the Buntings into two sections.

M. Temminck commences this section with the Chaffinch The Linnets also belong to it.

III.
The Longicones.

(Bill in the form of a straight cone, long and compressed; points of the two mandibles sharp.)

The Citril Finch (Fringilla Citrinella of Linnæus) appears at the head of this section, which also comprises, among other species, the Siskin (Fringilla spinus of Linnæus), the Lesser Red Pole, and the Goldfinch.

Temminck, feed on all sorts of seeds and grains, which they open with the bill, at the same time rejecting the husk; it is only very rarely that insects are added to this diet. They inhabit all the countries of the globe, but particularly the regions of the torrid zone and warm latitudes. They raise many broods annually, collect together in nunerous flocks, and inigrate in associated flights. Of all the winged class they are, after the Pigeons and Gallinaceous Birds, the most easily domesticated. The greater number of foreign species and some European undergo a double moult. When this takes place, the male assumes in winter the livery of the female. The young of the year differ from the old ones before the autumnal moult; but after that period it becomes impossible to distinguish them. Upon this extensive genus M. Temminck proceeds to remark that methodists have essayed to class these birds in many genera, under the designations of Strobilophoga, Coccothraustes, Fringilla, Passer, Pyrgita, Vidua, Linaria, and Carduelis. The manners of all these birds being, with some slight shades of difference, absolutely the same, it is impossible, in his opinion, to have recourse to the invention of new names as the means of subdividing this great group. M. Temminck declares that he took the greatest pains to compare more than a hundred foreign species with our indigenous species, and the result of this examination confirmed him in the conclusion that there exists a gradual passage, without any demarcation, from one species to another. This natural series has, he observes, been recognised by Illiger, who unites all these birds with a thick and conical bill (à bec gros et conique) in one great genus under the name of Fringilla, comprising the Bullfinches (Pyrrhula) therein. M. Temminck, however, thinks that these last ought to be classed in a distinct genus, in consequence of the form of the bill, certain habits, and perhaps, also, with reference to the countries they inhabit. The genus Loxia, he remarks, has been restored by Illiger to the limits assigned to it by Brisson; and he adds that he (M. Temminck) has separated from the genus Loxia of Linnæus a species singularly characterized by the form of the bill, under the name of Psittirostra. M. Cuvier, he goes on to observe, has, in the Règne Animal, indicated, rather than established characteristically, many genera and subgenera. M. Cuvier allows that there is a gradual passage, without any assignable interval, from the Linnets to the Grosbeaks. The species of his genus Vidua, or Widow Birds, are distinguished by some of the upper coverts of the tail being excessively elongated in the males. This distinction, available for recognising the males only, disappears in the moult; for in winter they have no conformation of the tail differing from that of the females; and at that season it would be difficult to pronounce whether they were Linnets, Sparrows, or Finches (Pinsons). M. Temminck agrees that to facilitate the methodical arrangement of the great number of species composing this genus, it is necessary to have recourse to an artificial classification, by the aid of which the species may be easily found. The On the 10th January, 1837, Mr. Gould (who, in his simplest method, in his opinion, is to form three sections great work on the Birds of Europe, adopts the Genus Eryin the genus Fringilla, under indications which have more throspiza of the Prince of Musignano) exhibited to the or less reference to the three different groups of bills, which Zoological Society, from Mr. Darwin's collection, a series of may be separated into Laticones, Brevicones, and Longi- Ground Finches, so peculiar in form that he was induced to cones. In the first section may be comprised, he thinks, regard them as constituting an entirely new group, conthe greater number of the pretended Loxia of authors, taining 14 species, and appearing to be strictly confined to some soi-disant Bengulies, and the Sparrows (Moineaux), the Gallapagos Islands; and he proposed the following which resemble ours in the colours of their plumage; in generic names for them: Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Cacthe second, some Sparrows (Moineaux) of authors, the tornis, and Certhidea, giving at the same time their chaFinches (Pinsons), the Linnets (Linottes), and those indi-racters. On a subsequent evening, Mr. Darwin remarked cated as Widow Birds (Viduc), Bengalies, and Senegalies; in the third the Tarins, some Senegalies, and the Chardonnerets.

I.

The Laticones.

In the second volume of his Classification of Birds,' lately published (1837), Mr. Swainson makes the Coccothrausting the typical group, a subfamily composed of the hawfinches, weavers, goldfinches, and linnets. They live entirely upon trees, and have the bill very strong and entire. Genus, Coccothraustes; subgenera, Pyrenestes, Sw., Coccoborus, Sw., Coccothraustes, Briss., Spermophaga, Sw., Dertroides, Sw. Genus, Ploceus; subgenera, Vidua, Cuv., Euplectes, Sw., Ploceus, Cuv., Symplectes, Sw. Genus, Amadina, Sw., (Bengaly); subgenera, Estrelda, Sw., Amadina, Sw., Spermestes, Sw., Erythura, Sw., Pytelia, Sw. Genus, Tiaris, Sw.; Genus, Carduelis, Sw.; Genus, Linaria, Briss.; subgenera, Linaria, Leucosticte, Sw., Chloris, Sw. The second or subtypical group he makes to contain the Tanagrinæ. Genus, Tardivola, Sw.; Genus, Tanagra, Linn.; subgenera, Pitylus, Cuv., Tanagra, Linn., Ramphopis, Vieill. Genus, Phoenisoma, Sw.; subgenera, Lamprotes, Sw., Phoenisoma, Sw., Tachyphonus, Vieill., Leucopygia, Sw. Genus, Nemosia, Vieill.; Genus, Aglaïa, Sw.; subgenera, Euphonia, Sw., Tanagrella, Sw. Genus, Pipillo, Vieill.; subgenera, Arremon, Vieill. The third consists of the Fringilline or true finches, differing materially from the two former; their bills are generally smaller, but more perfectly conic; seeds form their food almost entirely; and they chiefly live upon the ground. Genus, Pyrgita, Antiq.; subgenera, Aimophila, Sw., Leucophrys, ŠŚw. Genus, Fringilla, Linn.; subgenera, Passerella, Sw., Fringilla, Zonotrichia, Sw., Ammodramus, Sw., Chondestes, Sw. Genus, Emberiza; subgenera, Emberiza, Linn., Fringillaria, Sw. Genus, Leptonyx, Sw.; subgenus, Melophus, Sw. Genus, Plectrophanes, Meyer; subgenera, Miliaria, Sw., Plectrophanes, Meyer. Genus, Agrophilus, Sw. The fourth contains the Alaudine. Bill much more slender than in any of the preceding; hind-claw always more or less lengthened. Genus, Alauda, Linn.; Genus, Calendula, Linn.; subgenera, Myafra, Horsf., Braconyx, (Brachonyx?) Sw. Genus, Agrodroma, Sw.; Genus, Mr. Swainson Macronyx, Sw.; Genus, Certhilauda, Sw. considers that the Alaudine pass into, fifth, the Pyrrhulina (Bullfinches). Genus, Pyrrhulauda, Smith; genus, Pyrrhula; subgenera, Crithagra, Sw., Spermophila, Sw Genus, Psittirostra, Temm.; Genus, Corythus, Cuv.; Genus, Hæmorrhous, Sw.; Genus, Loxia, Linn.

that these birds were exclusively confined to the Gallapagos Islands; but their general resemblance and their indiscriminate association in large flocks rendered it almost impossible to study the habits of particular species. In common with nearly all the birds of these islands, they were so tame that the use of the fowling-piece in procuring specimens was quite unnecessary. They appeared to subsist on seeds deposited on the ground in great abundance by a

(Bill large, convex, more or less swollen on the sides.) The Grosbeak, Haw Grosbeak or Hawfinch (Loxia coccothraustes of Linnæus, Fringilla coccothraustes of Tem-rich annual crop of herbage. (Zool. Proc., 1837.) minck) is placed by that author at the head of this section, which contains, among other species, the Green Grosbeak or Greenfinch (Loxia Chloris of Linnæus, Fringilla Chloris of Temminck) and the Common Sparrow.

Having thus endeavoured to give the student a general sketch of this family of birds, and the views of some of the leading ornithologists with regard to them, we shall hereafter, as far as our limits will permit, give a description of a few of the most remarkable forms of the species which compose it. Our own woods, hedges, and plains afford (Bill in the shape of a cone, more or less short, straight, and ample materials for every observer who would study the characters of this widely-diffused group

II.

The Brevicones.

cylindrical, often conical throughout.)

FRISCHES HAFF, an inclosed arm of the Baltic, | enemies of Rome, and razed, with one exception, all her lying between 54° 12′ and 54° 48' N. lat. and 19° 10' and strongholds in these parts, having in the 28th year A. D-, 20° 31' E. long. It belongs to the province of Eastern Prus- when Olennius was the Roman lieutenant, turned upon the sia; its length from Holstein, a village at its N.E. extre- Romans, slain about 900 of them near the woods of Badumity, about 42 miles W. of Königsberg, to its south-western henna, and freed themselves from their dominion. (Tacit. extremity near Yungfer, a village N.E. of Elbing, is about Ann. iv. c. 72, 73.) Corbulo, the Roman general under 60 miles: its mean breadth is about 11, and its greatest Claudius, A. D. 47, reduced them to obedience, and Nero about 18 miles; and it occupies an area of about 310 square drove them out of some districts on this side of the miles. It is separated from the Baltic by a narrow tongue Zuidersee, which they had invaded. (Tacit. Ann. xiii. of land or sandbank called the Frische Nehrung, on which c. 54.) From this period until the fourth and fifth are the hamlets of Neuburg, Kahlberg, and Prebhenau, ana centuries, when they appear as members of the great conat the north-eastern extremity of which, opposite to Pillau, federacy of the Saxons, no mention of them occurs. We there is a narrow strait, 12 feet deep and 3000 feet wide, find them at this time holding the sea-coasts from the called the Gatt. This passage was formed by an inundation Schelde to the Elbe and Eyder, whence it has been conjecof the waters of the Haff in the year 1510. In consequence tured that a variety of tribes were then comprehended under of the shallowness of water in the Frische Haff, parti- the name of Frisians. They now passed over into Britain, cularly in summer, no large vessels can navigate it, and in company with the Angles and Saxons, and aided them Pillau is therefore the port both of Königsberg and Elbing. in its conquest. Under the emperor Julian they made Among the numerous streams which find an outlet in this themselves masters and retained possession of the island of Haff, are the Pregel, Frisching, Passarge, Baude, and two the Batavi, on which spot they were sorely humbled by arms of the Vistula, of which the most southernly, on quit- Pepin, major-domo of the Franks, who put Radbod their ting the main channel of that river, takes the name of the king to flight, and wrested the whole of their western lands Nogath and flows past Elbing. The towns of Fischhausen, from them as far as the mouths of the Rhine. Poppo, Brandenburg, Frauenburg, and Tolkemit, are on the north- Radbod's successor, made a fruitless attempt to recover the ern and western banks of the Haff. lost territory, and was driven back by Charles Martel. Charlemagne hereupon brought the eastern dominions of the Frisians under subjection, and appointed his own dukes over them, whose office subsequently merged into that of chieftain (häuptling.) The result of continued struggles for the mastery between these chieftains, who called themselves counts, was, that count Edzard prevailed, and established himself in that part called' East Friesland in 1458. In 1657 count Enno acknowledged it as a fief of the empire under the emperor Ferdinand, and was raised by him to the dignity of a sovereign prince; but both his power and that of his descendants was jealously limited by the national states. The last prince died in 1744, and by virtue of an imperia! grant in 1690, Prussia took possession of East Friesland. It was wrested from her in 1808, and transferred to Holland; in 1810 it became a province of the French empire; in 1813 Prussia recovered it, and in 1815 she ceded it to Hanover.

FRISCHLIN, NICODEMUS, born in 1547, was the son of a Protestant clergyman in the duchy of Würtemberg. He showed at an early age a great aptitude for the study of languages, became an accomplished scholar, and was made professor in the university of Tübingen, where he wrote his Paraphrases of Virgil's Bucolics and Georgics, and of Persius, as well as a great quantity of original poetry, and several dramas, for one of which, entitled 'Rebecca,' he was crowned with a gold laurel crown by the Emperor Rudolf II. at the Diet of Ratisbon, with the title of poet laureate. But his satirical humour made him enemies, and being charged with adultery, he was obliged to leave Tübingen. After visiting several towns of Germany, he at last settled at Mayence, where he published some of his works. In consequence, it would seem, of fresh satirical effusions from his pen, the duke of Würtemberg caused him to be arrested at Mayence, and shut up in a tower, from whence he attempted to escape, but fell in so doing from a great height, and died of the fall in November, 1590, being 43 years of age. He wrote a great number of works, the principal of which are: 1. 'De Astronomica Artis cum Doctrinâ Celesti et Naturali Philosophia convenientiâ;' 2. 'Institutiones Oratoriæ;' 3. Several Orations; 4. A work on education entitled 'De Ratione instituendi Puerum ab anno ætatis sexto vel septimo ad annum usque sextumdecimum;' 5. Dialogus Logicus contra P. Rami Sophisticam pro Aristotele,' and other treatises against the schoolmen; Facetiæ Selectiores,' many of them licentious; 7. Quæstionum Grammaticarum, libri octo;' 8. In TryphiodoriÆgyptii Grammatici librum de Ilii excidio, interpretatio duplex et notæ ad textum Græcum; 9. Notes on Callimachus; 10. Aristophanes repurgatus a mendis et interpretatus;' 11. 'In ebrietatem Carmina;' and a quantity of verses, elegies, satires, epigrams, besides the dramas and the paraphrases of classic authors above mentioned.

(Teissier, Eloges des Hommes Savans; Moreri's Dictionary, art. Frischlin.')

FRISIANS, a people of Germany, who formed part of the nation of the Ingævones. Their name has been by some derived from the low German word 'fresen,' to shake or tremble, in allusion to the nature of their country, the soil of which is an unstable or shaking moor. They were divided into Frisii Minores, who inhabited the lands north of the island of the Batavi-the present provinces of Oberyssel, Gelders, and Utrecht, and the greater part of the province of Holland, inclusive of the Zuidersee, which at that time was mostly dry land; and the Frisii Majores, who inhabited the land between the Yssel, Ems, and the country of the Bructeri-that is, the present provinces of West Friesland and Groningen. The old Rhine separated them from the Batavi, and the Ems from the Chauci. According to Tacitus (Ann. ii. c. 24) they were the most steadfast allies whom the Romans possessed in this quarter; they aided Drusus and Germanicus in their campaigns against the Cherusci, and saved the Roman fleet from destruction at the mouth of the Ems. But this state of amity was broken off upon the Romans making an attempt to treat them as subjects; they thenceforward became declared

The western part of the Frisian territory, or West Friesland, is a province of the kingdom of Holland. The antient Frisians resembled the Germans in their habits and mode of living, and according to Tacitus, the only tribute they could afford to pay the Romans consisted of skins. They were governed by two princes, whose authority was extremely confined. Their descendants are settled among the small islands on the western coast of the duchy of Schleswig, and preserve not only the name of Frisians, but many vestiges of their customs and dress. They wander in quest of a livelihood to Holland and the neighbouring countries, and return home with the produce of their labours. (Tacitus' Annals; Wiarda's History of E. Friesland.)

FRIT. [GLASS.]

FRITH, or FIRTH, is used on the eastern coast of Scotland to indicate what on the western is called a Loch. It is doubtless derived from the language of the settlers, who came from the northern parts of Europe; for it corresponds to the fiord of the Danes and Norwegians, and the fiordur of the Icelanders. It is a term properly used to indicate a narrow and deep inlet of the sea, especially in a rocky and elevated coast, and is, perhaps, preferable to the term sound, which is generally used for such inlets.

FRIU'LI, the most eastern province of Italy, forming part of the Venetian territory, is bounded on the north by the Carnic Alps, which divide it from the valley of the Drave in Carinthia; on the north-east by the Julian Alps, which divide it from the valley of the Save; on the north-west by an offset of the Carnic Alps, which divides it from the valley of the Piave in the province of Belluno; on the west by the province of Treviso, from which it is divided by the river Livenza; on the south, partly by the Dogado, or province of Venice, and partly by the Adriatic sea; and on the east by the government of Trieste or of Istria. The former limits between Venetian Friuli and the Austrian district of Trieste were marked by the river Isonzo, but the boundary is now placed farther west, running from Palmanova to the mouth of the Ausa, leaving out Aquileia and Grado, which make part of the circle of Istria. [AQUILEIA.] The boundaries of Italy on this side are not strongly marked by nature the

after a stormy and dangerous voyage, he arrived in the be ginning of October.

of the islands of Shetland; and on the 11th July discovered | the ore, and examine thoroughly into the whole affair Freeseland, bearing W.N.W., which stood high, and was The commissioners did so, and reported the great value of covered with snow. They could not land by reason of the the undertaking, and the expediency of farther carrying on ice, and great depth of water near the shore. The east the discovery of the North-west passage. Upon this, suitpoint of this island Capt. Frobisher named 'Queen Eliza-able preparations were made with all possible despatch; and beth's Foreland.' On the 28th they had sight of Meta Incog- because the mines newly found out were sufficient to defray nita, being part of New Greenland, on which also they could the adventurers' charges, it was thought necessary to send not land, for the reasons just mentioned. Aug. 10th Frobi- a select number of soldiers, to secure the places already dissher went on a desert island, three miles from the continent, covered, to make farther discoveries into the inland parts, but staid there only a few hours. The next day he entered and to search again for the passage to China. Besides three into a strait which he called, and it still retains the name of ships, as before, twelve others were fitted out for this voyFrobisher's Strait. On the 12th, sailing to Gabriel's island, age, which were to return at the end of the following sumthey came to a sound, which they named Prior's Sound, mer, with a lading of gold ore. They assembled at Harwich, and anchored in a sandy bay there. On the 15th they sailed 27th May, 1578, and sailing thence the 31st, they came to Prior's bay; the 17th to Thomas Williams's island, and within sight of Freeseland on the 20th June, when Frothe 18th came to anchor under Burcher's island. Here bisher, who was now called lieutenant-general, took posses they went on shore, and had some communication with the sion of the country in the queen of England's name, and natives, by whose treachery they lost a boat and five of their called it West England, giving the name of Charing Cross men. Frobisher having endeavoured in vain to recover his to one of the high cliffs. On July 4th, they came within men, set sail again for England the 26th August; came the mouth of Frobisher's Strait, but being obstructed by again within sight of Freeseland 1st September; and not- the ice, which sank one of their barks, and driven out to withstanding a terrible storm on the 7th of the same month, sea by a storm, they were so unfortunate as not to hit the he arrived at Harwich on the 2nd of October. entrance of it again. Instead of which, being deceived Frobisher took possession of the country he had landed by a current from the north-east, and remaining twenty upon in queen Elizabeth's name, and, in token of such pos- days in a continual fog, they ran sixty leagues into other session, ordered his men to bring to him whatever they unknown straits before they discovered their mistake. Frocould first find. One among the rest brought a piece of bisher, however, coming back again, made for the strait black stone, in appearance like sea-coal, but very heavy. which bore his name; and on the 23rd July, at a place Having at his return distributed fragments of it among his within it, called Hatton's Headland, found seven ships friends, the wife of one of the adventurers threw a fragment of his fleet. On the 31st of the same month, he recovered into the fire, which being taken out again, and quenched in his long-desired port, and came to anchor in the Countess vinegar, glittered like gold; and being tried by some re- of Warwick's Sound; but the season of the year being too finers in London, was found to contain a portion of that advanced to undertake discoveries, after getting as much rich metal. This circumstance raising prodigious expecta-ore as he could, he sailed with his fleet for England, where, tions of gold, great numbers of persons earnestly pressed, and soon fitted out Capt. Frobisher for a second voyage, to be undertaken in the following spring. The queen lent him a ship of the royal navy, of two hundred tons, with which, and two small barks, of about thirty tons each, he fell down to Gravesend, May 26th, 1577, where the minister of the parish came aboard the greater ship, the Aid, and administered the sacrament to the company. Two days after they reached Harwich, whence they sailed on the 31st May. The whole complement of gentlemen, soldiers, sailors, merchants, miners, &c., who accompanied the expedition, was a hundred and forty, furnished with victuals and all other necessaries for seven months. They arrived in St. Magnus Sound, at the Orkney islands, upon the 7th of June, whence they kept their course for the space of twenty-six days, without seeing land. They met, however, with great drifts of wood, and whole bodies of trees, which they imagined to come from the coast of Newfoundland. On the 4th of July they discovered Freeseland, along the coasts of which they found islands of ice, of incredible bigness, some being seventy or eighty fathoms under water, and more than half a mile in circuit. Not having been able safely to land in this place, they proceeded to Frobisher's Strait; and on the 17th of the same month made the north forelard in it, otherwise called Hall's island, as also a smaller island of the same name, where they had in their previous voyage found the ore, but could not now get a piece as large as a walnut. They met with some of it, however, in other adjacent islands. On the 19th they went upon Hall's greater island to discover the country, and the nature of the inhabitants, with some of whom they trafficked, and took one of them, neither in a very just nor handsome manner; and upon a hill here they erected a column of stones, which they called Mount Warwick. They now sailed about, to make what discoveries they could, and gave names to different bays and islands; as Jackman's Sound, Smith's Island, Beare's Sound, Leicester's Isle, York's Sound, Ann countess of Warwick's Sound and Island, &c. Frobisher's instructions for this voyage were principally to search for ore in this neighbourhood; he was directed to leave the further discovery of the North-west passage till The Batrachians differ essentially from the other three oranother time. Having therefore in the countess of War- ders, viz.: Chelonians or Tortoises, Saurians or Lizards, and wick's island found a good quantity, he took a lading of it. Ophidians or Serpents. They have no ribs, or rudiments of He set sail the 23rd of August, and arrived in England about ribs only. Their skin is naked, being without scales; they the end of September. He was most graciously received have feet. The male has no external organ of generation, by the queen; and as the gold ore he brought had an ap- and there is consequently no intromissive coïtus. In the pearance of riches and profit, and the hope of a North-west Frog-tribe the ova are fecundated on their exclusion from the passage to China was greatly increased by this second voy-body of the female: they are shelless and generally laid in the age, her majesty appointed commissioners to make trial of water. The young, when hatched, breathe by means of

We have no account how Frobisher employed himsel. from this time to 1585, when he commanded the Aid, in sir Francis Drake's expedition to the West Indies. In 1588 he commanded the Triumph, and exerted himself very bravely against the Spanish armada on July the 26th, in which year he received the honour of knighthood, on board his own ship, from the lord-high-admiral, for his valour. In 1590 he commanded one of two squadrons upon the Spanish coast. In 1594 he was sent, with four men-of-war, to the assistance of Henry IV. of France, against a body of the leaguers and Spaniards, then in possession of part of Britany, who had fortified themselves very strongly at Croyzon, near Brest. Here, in an assault upon that fort, on Nov. 7th, he was wounded by a ball in the hip, of which he died soon after he had brought the fleet safely back to Plymouth, and was buried in that town. Stow says, the wound was not mortal in itself, but became so through the negligence of his surgeon, who only extracted the bullet, without duly searching the wound, and taking out the wadding, which caused it to fester. (Hakluyt's Collect. of Voyages, vol. iii. pp. 29, 32, 39; Stow's Annales, edit. 1631, p. 109; Biogr. Brit. vol. iii. p. 2044.) There is a good portrait of Sir Martin Frobisher in the picture gallery at Oxford; and many of his letters and papers, with others relating to him, are preserved in the Cottonian and Harleian collections of manuscripts in the British Museum. The instructions given to him for the voyage of 1577 are printed in the Archæologia, vol. xviii. p. 287, from one of Sir Hans Sloane's MSS. His last letter, reporting the taking of the fort of Croyzon, dated Nov. 8th, 1594, is preserved in the Cottonian MS., Calig. E. ix. fol. 211. A Latin translation of the account of his voyage of 1577, under the title of Historia Navigationis Martini Forbisseri, by Joh. Tho. Freigius, was published at Hamburg, in 4to. 1675. FRODSHAM. [CHESHIRE.]

FROGS, FROG-TRIBE. Terms applied by zoologists to a natural section of the Batrachians, Cuvier's fourth order of Reptiles.