significance; and a remnant of it which continued to act as a kind of society for the suppression of vice was abolished in Westphalia by order of Jerome Buonaparte in the year 1811. The members of the order maintained that they were the true and genuine possessors of the secrets intrusted to the Fehm by Charlemagne, but no one would or could explain the signification of the mystical S. S. G. G. Goethe has given the most graphic picture of the working of this tribunal in his historical drama 'Goetz von Berlichingen.' The best historical account of its organization is by Paul Wigaud, Die Fehmgerichte Westphalens,' Hamm., FELEGYHA'ZA, a market town, and the capital of the Hungarian district of Little Cumania, situated on the high road between Pesth and Temeswar, in the middle of a country of corn-fields, vineyards, and orchards; in 46° 43′ N. lat., and 19° 52′ E. long. It contains about 1370 houses, and a population of about 15,030. There is a Roman Catholic church, a gymnasium, and a very handsome building in which the Cumanian courts of justice are held and the public archives kept. Roman urns have been found in the vicinity of the town. The cattle-markets held here are considerable.

1827.

FELIPE, SAN, a town in South America, in the republic of Venezuela, and the department of Sulia, in 10° 30' N. lat., and 68° 30' W. long., in a pleasant valley on the small river Aroa. In the surrounding country, which is diversified by high hills and wide fertile valleys, great quantities of cocoa, coffee, maize, and rice are grown, also a little cotton. These commodities are sent to Puerto Cabello to be exported. The town, which has a population of about 7000 souls, has several handsome houses, and its streets are regularly laid out. Some copper-mines are worked in the neighbourhood.

FELIS, FELIDE, animals of the cat kind, a family of Carnivora, in which the organs of destruction reach their highest development. They are, among the quadrupeds, what the Falconidae are among the Birds.

The principal instruments of the destructive energy of these animals are the teeth and claws.

The formation of these teeth is beautifully shown in four preparations in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London. No. 329 is the anterior part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a young lion, exhibiting the teeth, together with the gums in which they are imbedded, and the border of soft parts, or lip, with which they are surrounded. No. 330 is the anterior part of the upper jaw of a young lion injected, in which the body of the second or permanent laniary (canine tooth, or cuspidatus) is pretty completely formed, and the fang forming. The laniary is cut down in the direction of its axis to expose the cavity containing the pulp on which it was forming. There is one of the molars in the act of being shed, and the adult or permanent tooth is pushing into the gum. No. 331 is the counterpart, or opposite section of the same laniary; and No. 332 is the laniary of the jaw of the opposite side of the same lion, showing the whole of the pulp on which it was forming. (Catalogue, Physiological Series, Gallery, vol. i. p. 95.)

The articulation of the condyles of the lower jaw in which this formidable apparatus is set is so contrived as to cause its operation in the most efficient manner. These processes are situated in the same straight horizontal line; they are cylindrical and firmly locked in the transversely elongated glenoïd cavities, the margins of which are so extended both before and behind the condyle that rotatory motion is impossible. The crowns of the molar or rather lacerating teeth are compressed and covered with enamel, as indeed are those of all the others: the molars terminate in pointed processes, and the lower teeth shut within the upper. Thus, when called into action, the teeth and jaws operate like the antagonist blades of a pair of scissors upon the substance submitted to their cutting edges. The canine teeth, the principal prehensile weapons of the head, are very long and large, especially in the larger cats. If we examine the cranium of a lion or tiger we shall be at no loss to discover the machinery by which this dental apparatus is worked.

The crista occipitalis, which is most strongly marked in the cats, is a sharp and prominent bony ridge rising from the upper and hind portion of the skull. Its chief use is for the attachment of the temporal muscle, and the size of the temporal fossa, and the strength and extent of the zygomatic arch depend upon the magnitude of that muscle. In no animals is this fossa larger than in the carnivora. It not only occupies the whole of the sides and upper part of the skull, but is still further increased by the prominent bony crests proceeding from the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. The temporal muscles would indeed almost completely cover the cranium in many of these animals, were it not for their separation by the parietal ridge.

a

Fig. 3.

Skull of lion seen from above, showing the extent of the zygomatic arches and temporal fossa.

The zygomatic suture is so oblique that the temporal bone forms the whole superior margin, and the os male the inferior edge of the zygoma.

In consequence of the construction which we have endeavoured to explain, the lower jaw is capable of motion only upwards and downwards, and entirely incapable of that motion in a horizontal direction which is necessary to mastication, properly so called. Accordingly the cats cut and lacerate their food coarsely, and transmit it in large portions to the stomach, there to be acted on by the gastric juice.

The muscles of the neck and fore-quarter of the cats are especially powerful to give full effect to this part of the organization, and to enable the animal to drag or carry away its prey. VOL. X.-2 F

Skull of lion seen in profile, showing the prominent bony crests.

We must next turn our attention to the other organs of prehension, the claws.

The five toes of the anterior, and four toes of the posterior extremities of the cats are armed with very strong, hooked, sub-compressed sharp claws. These extremities, the anterior ones especially, thus become powerful instruments for seizing and rending the prey. The muscles that are to wield these weapons are of great strength: those of the fore arm especially, which in the lion and tiger offer the same arrangement for flexion, extension, pronation, and supination, as is observed in man, are highly developed, and the blow alone which the animal can deal with this limb is frequently fatal. It is asserted that the Bengal tiger has been known to fracture the skull of a man with one stroke of its heavy paw. The claws, by a beautiful conformation, are always preserved without effort from coming in contact with external bodies, so as to keep them sharp and ready for action. There are some interesting specimens in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, which will illustrate this provision. No. 287 of the Physiological Series' is a toe from the right fore foot of a lion, with the last phalanx retracted on the ulnar (which from the prone state of the foot is the outer) side of the second phalanx. This state of retraction is constantly maintained, except when overcome by an extending force, by means of elastic ligaments, two of which have bristles placed beneath them in the preparation. The principal one arises from the outer side and distal extremity of the second phalanx, and is inserted into the superior angle of the last phalanx; a second arises from the outer side and proximal end of the second phalanx, and passes obliquely to be inserted at the inner side of the base of the last phalanx; a third, which arises from the inner side and proximal extremity of the second phalanx, is inserted at the same point as the preceding. The tendon of the flexor profundus perforans, which is the antagonist of the ligaments, has been divided. No. 287 A is a toe from the left fore foot of a young lioness, with the last phalanx drawn out, as in the action of the flexor profundus. The same ligaments are shown as in the preceding preparation, together with the insertion of the flexor and extensor tendons. In order to produce the full effect of drawing out the claw, a corresponding action of the extensor muscle is necessary to support and fix the second phalanx; by its ultimate insertion in the terminal phalanx, it serves also to restrain and regulate the actions of the flexor muscle. A bristle is placed beneath that part of the extensor tendon which passes under one of the elastic ligaments to be inserted into the base of the last phalanx immediately above the articulation. In both preparations lateral processes of tendon may be observed going to the under part of the base of the phalanx, which are partly inserted there, and partly lost in the integument: they are given off from the extensor tendon as it passes over the proximate phalanx, and are joined by ligamentous fibres from the sides of the same phalanx. No. 288 is a toe from the right hind foot of a lion, with the last phalanx drawn out, and the elastic ligaments put on the stretch. As the phalanges of the hind foot are retracted in a different direction to those of the fore foot, i. e. directly upon and not by the side of the second phalanx, the elastic ligaments are differently disposed, as may be seen by comparing this with the preceding preparation. The outer ligament is of a flattened triangular form; it arises from the whole outer side of the middle phalanx, is strongest at the anterior margin, and is inserted at the superior angle of the last phalanx: the inner ligament is of a rounded form, arises from the de and distal end of the second phalanx, and is also t the superior angle of the last phalanx, which is drawn back in the diagonal of the elastic forces.

No. 288 A is the innermost toe or pollex of the right fore foot of a young lioness, exhibiting a disposition of the elastic ligaments and mode of retraction similar to the toes of the hind foot; but here the inner ligament is of the flattened triangular form, and the outer one rounded. The latter passes between a division in the extensor tendon, ono part of which is inserted in the base of the last phalanx just above the articulation; the other part into the outer side of the base of the phalanx, and into the integument. (Catalogue, Physiological Series, Gallery, vol. i., p. 75.) It seems scarcely necessary,' adds the able author of the foregoing description, to allude to the final intention of these beautiful structures, which are, with some slight modifications, common to the genus Felis. The claws being thus retracted within folds of the integument, are preserved constantly sharp, and ready for their destined functions, sive motions of the animal; while at the same time, as soft not being blunted and worn away in the ordinary progresparts only are brought in contact with the ground, this eircumstance contributes to the noiseless tread of the feline tribe.' (Ibid.)

Structure, of the apparatus for retracting and extending the claws of the

cats, as exemplified in the fore foot and hind foot of the lion.

The elastic ligaments which retain the last phalanx and claw in a state of retraction are not the same in the fore and hind foot.

In figure 1, which is a toe from the left fore foot of a young lion, represented in a state of extension, a points to the two elastic ligaments; b, the tendon of the extensor muscle; c, a process of inelastic tendon; d, the tendon of the flexor muscle, which passes over the upper extremity of the last phalanx at e, as over a pulley, and thus assists the powerful action of that muscle.

In figure 2, a toe from the hind foot, the two elastic ligaments (a) converge to be inserted into the upper angle of the last phalanx, and draw it backwards directly upon, instead of by the side, of the penultimate phalanx: e is a process of lateral inelastic tendon; and d the tendon of the flexor profundus, which is strongly strapped down by an annular ligament, e.

The claw is supported on the last phalanx, which is of a very peculiar form. Its two portions are united to

each other at nearly right angles. The base of the claw is | received into a groove in the body of the bone, to prevent its being pushed backwards in the violent action of the paws. The two parts of the bone form a species of hook or crotchet. The superior end of the phalanx in this state of repose is placed almost vertically; while the other extremity lies nearly parallel to the second. The articulation is at the upper end of the vertical portion, and the flexor tendons, passing over the upper part of the bone, are strongly fixed to the other portion. The action of the flexor profundus causes the whole bone to move through 90° round the end of the second phalanx. (Dr. Traill.)

Having laid before the reader the mechanism of the parts more immediately concerned in the capture of the prey and the separation of its flesh, we must notice another organ which in the cats is used for other purposes than those of mere taste and deglutition. The roughness of a domestic cat's tongue is familiar to every one, as well as the action of lions and tigers in licking the bones of their prey in order to detach any remnants of flesh that may be adhering thereto. This is effected by numerous horny papillæ, which are differently arranged in different species, some having them in straight rows, others in alternate lines; but in all the points are directed backwards. In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons are preparations well illustrating the structure of the tongue in these animals. No. 1509

Portion of Lion's Tongue, showing the horny papillæ.

From the specimen in the College of Surgeons.

exhibits the tongue and larynx of a young lion injected. The tongue is of considerable length, in consequence of the distance at which the larynx and os hyoïdes are placed behind the bony palate. The soft palate is of a proportional extent. All that part of the tongue which corresponds to the soft palate is smooth; as it advances forwards it is covered with large soft papillæ directed backwards; then there are four large fossulate papillæ, anterior to which the simple conical papilla continue increasing in size to near the tip of the tongue the strong cuticular spines with which they are armed have been removed, showing the vascular secreting surface beneath. With the larynx there are preserved the thyroid glands and part of the wide trachea. No. 1510 is a portion of the cuticular covering of the smaller posterior conical papillæ, from the preceding tongue. No. 1511 shows a portion of the cuticular covering of the anterior papillæ of the same tongue. At the fore part of the base of each of the larger spines may be observed a group of small gustatory papillæ. No. 1512 is the extremity of the tongue of a lion, with the cuticular covering of the papillæ removed from one side; and No. 1513 is the anterior part of the tongue of a lion, with the cuticular and spiny covering of the papillæ preserved. (Catalogue, Physiological Series, Gallery, vol. iii. part i. p. 12.)

Mr. Owen remarks, that in the cats generally the connexion of the os hyoides to the cranium is not by a long elastic ligament, as in the lion, but by an uninterrupted series of bones, and that this latter structure exists in the Cheetah (Felis jubata). (Zool. Proc. 1833.)

This leads us to the other

Digestive organs.-In the cats the salivary glands are small, as might be expected where it can hardly be said that mastication is exercised. The stomach of the lion is divided, by a slight contraction in its middle, into two por

tions. Its coats, particularly the muscular coat, are very strong, as in most of the Carnivora. Blumenbach ob serves, that in most carnivorous quadrupeds, particularly those of a rapacious nature, the stomach bears a considerable resemblance on the whole to that of the human subject. Mr. Lawrence, in his notes, remarks, that the food of carnivorous animals, approaching in its constituent elements more nearly to those of the animal than that of the herbivorous tribes, is more easily reduced into the state which is required for the nourishment of the body in the former than in the latter case. In the Carnivora, the stomach, which is of a cylindrical form, has no cul-de-sacs; the œsophagus opens at its anterior extremity, and the intestine commences from the posterior, so that every thing favours a quick passage of the food, which receives no mastication, and is retained a very short time in the stomach. The intestine has no valves, is small in diameter, but muscular, and the whole canal, when compared with the body, is extremely short, being as 3 or 5 to 1. It is worth noticing, that in the domestic cat they are as 5 to 1, but in the wild cat they are only as 3 to 1. Some of the Carnivora have no cæcum, and in those that have this appendage it is constantly small and uniform in its cavity. In the Museum of the College of Surgeons are four preparations, Numbers 693 to 696 (Gallery), both inclusive, showing the structure of the intestines of a lion. No. 724 shows the termination of the ileum of a lion, with the cæcum or caput coli injected. The cæcum is simple, resembling that of the Suricate (Ryzana tetradactyla of Illiger), with its apex similarly occupied by a cluster of glands; the terminal orifice of the ileum is also of a circular form, but it is situated on a valvular prominence in the large intestine. No. 730 is the injected colon of a lion. The longitudinal muscular fibres are very strong, and are disposed around the whole circumference of the intestine, which consequently is not drawn up into sacculi. The lining membrane is smooth, and is thrown into ziz-zag rugæ. No. 736 is a portion of the rectum of a lioness, showing the strong round fasciculi of longitudinal fibres forming the outer stratum of the muscular coat, part of which has been turned down to show the inner circular fibres. The intestinal glands of the ileum in the lion are shown by No. 757. No. 806 shows the liver of the domestic cat, and its subdivision, as in all carnivorous quadrupeds, into a great number of lobes. The second lobe from the left side, or cystic lobe, is deeply cleft for the insertion of the suspensory ligament; to the right of this cleft it is perforated for the lodgement of the gall-bladder. No. 807 is the cystic lobe of the same species, showing that the gallbladder is situated in the middle of the substance of the large lobe. (Catalogue, Gallery, Phys. Series, vol. i.) Blumenbach remarks that the ductus choledochus forms a pouch between the coats of the intestine for receiving the pancreatic duct in the cat. No. 821 in the Museum of the College of Surgeons displays a portion of the duodenum, with the termination of the hepatic and pancreatic ducts of a lion. A black bristle is passed into the ductus communis choledochus, and a white one into the pancreatic duct; the mucus coat of the intestine is laid open to show their junction. The orifice of a distinct pancreatic duct is preserved. No. 837 is the spleen, with a portion of the duodenum and pancreas of a domestic cat. The spleen is of an elongated trihedral form, attached to the stomach by a duplicature of peritoneum inclosing its vessels: this duplicature passes off from the angle formed by the two lesser sides. The splenic vein is seen passing from the spleen along the pancreas, which extends from it to the duodenum. No. 840 exhibits the stomach and duodenum, spleen, pancreas, and great omentum of a small carnivorous animal, apparently of a cat. The parts have been injected, and show remarkably well the principal peculiarities in the form and disposition of these parts as they exist in the feline tribe. A part of the oesophagus has been inverted, to show the transverse rugæ of its lining membrane, near its termination. The stomach exhibits the broad dilated cardiac and the narrow tubular pyloric divisions, which are acutely bent upon each other; in the duodenum may be observed its regular extended curve, and its broad mesentery, by which much greater freedom of motion is allowed to this portion of the intestinal canal than in the human subject. The small omentum is seen attached, not in a regular line along the lesser arch of the stomach, but advancing in an irregular scolloped manner upon its anterior surface an analogous process of peritoneum is attached

posterior to the lesser curvature The great omentum anteriorly is continued from the greater arch of the stomach, from the left end of which it is continued down the spleen, and posteriorly along the pancreas, which is thus seen to have an entire investment of peritoneum: from the pancreas it extends to the pylorus, where it becomes continuous with the anterior layer, completing the circle, and leaving a large aperture behind the lesser arch of the stomach, which leads into the omental cavity analogous to the foramen Winslowi. The form of the pancreas and its division into the transverse or greater lobe and the circular or duodenal lobe are well shown, and also the forma and situation of the spleen. (Catalogue, Gall, Phys. Series, vol. i.) Organ of the Voice.-The terrific roar with which the larger animals of this family rush on their prey is well known, and well calculated to paralyze the nervous system of the victim with fear. Stealing on the victim with noiseless tread till couched within the proper distance for their spring, these destroyers leap on it with a horrid sound which salutes its ear in the saine moment almost that it feels the blow of the deadly talons and the murderous gripe of the teeth. The cartilages of the larynx of a lion, the large size of the vocal organ, and the rounded contour of the epiglottis, may be seen in preparation No. 1172 (Gallery) of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. From the narrowness of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly, there is a considerable interval at that part between the thyroïd and ericoïd cartilages, a structure which, as the Catalogue tells us, obtains in all the feline animals. No 1129 consists of the heart and lungs of a kitten, and shows principally the subdivision of the lungs into many lobes, and more especially the small azygos lobe of the right lung, filling up the space which intervenes between the heart and diaphragm in this and most other quadrupeds. Vicq D'Azyr and Blumenbach notice the two delicate membranes lying under the ligamenta glottidis of the cat, which probably cause th purring noise peculiar to it.

Urinary and Genial Organs-The structure of the kidney in Mammalia,' observes Mr. Lawrence, in his notes to Blumenbach's 'Comparative Anatomy,' displays two very opposite varieties, which may be called the simple and the conglomerated kidneys. In the former there is a single Jailla, which is surrounded by an exterior crust of the cortical substance. This is the case in all the fera, and in some other animals, as many rodentia. In some animals,' says John Hunter, the kidney is a very oblong body, extending in length for a considerable way, and very narrow, as in some fish, while in other animals it is almost globular, as in the leopard. ** In the lion kind, cat kind, as also in the hya na, we find that perhaps one-half of the veins get on the external surface, and are either strongly attached to or pass in a doubling of the capsule of the kidney, and then pass along like the veins of the pia mater, afterwards joining the trunks from the inside just as they pass out. The veins of the kidneys have in general nothing particular respecting them. They in common attend the arteries, or at least ramify similarly to the arteries, excepting in the lion and cat kind, as also in the hyæna, where some of the veins ramify on the surface, while the others are attending the arteries.' The reader will find in the Museum of the College of Surgeons some beautiful preparations illustrative of the kidneys, &c., of the Felidae: they are numbered 1200 to 1205 both inclusive, 1218 to 1221 both inclusive, and 1284 (Gallery).

nulare, called corpus trapezoideum; this is traversed by the corpora pyramidalia. The development of the cerebrum is such as not only to cover the optic lobes or bigeminal bodies, but also the anterior half of the cerebellum itself; and the surface of the cerebrum is augmented by convolutions, of which one is analogous to the single convolution in the agouti, and extends parallel with the fissure dividing the hemispheres; a second runs parallel with and external to the preceding; a transverse one proceeding from the mesial fissure marks off what may be regarded as the anterior lobes, which, together with the lateral regions of the hemispheres, are traversed by other aufractuos.ties. No. 1325 is the brain of a lion, closely resembling the preceding in general form and disposition of the convolutions. No. 1326 is the brain and part of the spinal chord of a young lion, with the vessels of the pia mater minutely injected. The left lateral ventricle is exposed, showing the pes hippocampi and the choroid plexus. The fourth ventricle is also laid open, and contains a similar plexus of minute arteries. Bristles are inserted into the hollow ol factory and the optic nerves, and black threads are tied round the origins of the remaining cerebral nerves of the right side. A small quill is placed in the infundibulum; but the pituitary gland, which may be seen in both the preceding specimens is here removed. The union of the vertebral arteries to form the basilar artery, the great length of that vessel, and its division to join with the internal carotids in the formation of the circle of Willis, are well displayed. No. 1326 is a portion of the basis of the brain of a lion, prepared to show the form and relative proportions of the bigeminal bodies or optic tubercles; of these, the posterior, though smaller in longitudinal diameter, are broader, and rise above the level of the anterior pair. No. 1372 and No. 1373 are two highly interesting preparations of the spinal chord and cauda equina of the lion." (Catalogue, vol. iii.)

Taste and Touch.-For illustrations of the former sense we refer the reader to the descriptions of the preparations, Nos. 1509 to 1513, both inclusive, above given. The latter sense presents nothing particularly worthy of notice in the cats; the whiskers indeed are provided with very large nerves, and may be serviceable in warning the animal in certain situations where they come in contact with any object.

Smell.-Blumenbach enumerates the cat kind among the animals remarkable for their acuteness in the sense of smelling, and as affording examples of a very complicated formation of the ethmoid bone, both in regard to the elegant structure of its cribriform lamella, and to the wonderful convolutions of its turbinated portions, which procure as large a surface as possible within the confined space of the nasal cavity, for the application of the Schneiderian membrane. The concha narium inferiores are also much convoluted. There is in the Museum of the College of Surgeons (Gallery) a preparation (No. 1532) of a longitudinal vertical section of the head of a leopard, showing the turbinated bones of the left side in situ; and another, No. 1553, of a longitudinal section of the side of the head of a young lion, showing the ossa turbinata in situ a.s). The following luminous description of the latter is given an the Catalogue. (Physiological Series, vol. 1.) The superior bone is of a conical form, extending along the whole of the roof of the nasal cavity, with its base opposite to the frontal sinus (which is here exposed), and its apex tertinating above the anterior extremity of the inferior turbi nated bone. It presents a smooth or uniforma surface towards the nasal cavity, as may be seen in the preceding specimen; but the lamella forming this surface has been partially removed, showing the subjacent lamella, which is