fissure of the eyelids, the disposition of which is well shown in the annexed figure. (Fig. 12.) The office of

View of the orbicular muscle of the left eyelid, as it appears when denuded of the integuments.

a, The tendon at the inner angle, or canthus of the eye; b, the outer canthus drawn in by the ligamentous attachment of the tarsal cartilage to the temporal side of the orbit.

be easily felt if a finger be placed against the lower lid when the eye is closed, and suffered to remain while the upper lid is slowly raised.

Meibomian Glands. (Fig. 13, e e.) Between the tarsus of either lid and the conjunctiva are disposed numerous vertical rows of minute whitish grains, which appear through the semi-transparent mucous membrane, and occupy an elliptic space, taking both lids together, of about half an inch in width, exactly in front of the globe. These are called the Meibomian glands, from their discoverer. They secrete an unctuous matter which passes into tubes centrally placed in each row, and exudes from as many minute orifices on the ciliary margin of the lid. (Fig. 11, c.) There are about forty of these parallel clusters in the upper lid: in the lower there are not so many, nor are they individually so long. We need not dilate upon the use of this secretion, which often collects in a sensible quantity upon the edges of the lids during sleep, especially when the glandular action is excited by slight inflammatory irritation of the part. The palpebral conjunctiva, already described, immediately covers these glandular corpuscles. The caruncle, a small red prominence at the inner angle of the eve (Fig. 11, d) consists of a number of similar bodies.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

d

View of the internal surface of the right eyelid and lachrymal gland. a. Conjunctiva propria, or mucous lining of the lid. The edges of the fold which passes to the sclerotic are seen loose and floating; b, lachrymal gland; e, orifices of the lachrymal ducts; d, tendon of the elevator muscle of the upper lid; ee, parallel rows or clusters of the Meibomian glands; f, the semilunar fold of the conjunctiva at the inner canthus, which is the rudiment of the third eyelid of birds and other animals. Near f, ou the right, are seen the two puncta lachrymalia.

this muscle, which is called the orbicularis, is to close the lids; and it is capable of acting under certain circumstances with great force. It is collected at the inner angle or canthus of the eye into a round short tendon, which is attached in that situation to the bone. Elsewhere it is connected with the skin, and aponeurotic expansions of the face and forehead. It is also connected with the occipito-frontalis muscle, which elevates the eye-brows, and with the corrugator supercilii, which wrinkles and knits them in the act of frowning. A person acquainted with mechanics will have no difficulty in perceiving the advantage derived from the oblique, or, as it might almost be called, the incidental action of the orbicularis in closing the lids, to the edges of which its fibres are parallel. A more direct application of muscular force would have been more powerful; but the actual arrangement secures a rapidity incomparably more conducive to the function of the eyelids, which is to cleanse and moisten the surface of the eye. Levator Palpebra superioris. Below the orbicularis, in the upper lid, is the broad tendon of the muscle which elevates the upper lid. (Figs. 13, d; 10, g.) This muscle arises from the edge of the optie foramen, just above the rectus superior, and passing over it along the roof of the orbit, forms the thin tendon we have mentioned, which is inserted into the inner surface, or rather the thin upper edge of the tarsal cartilage. There is no such provision for depressing the lower lid, which is rendered unnecessary by its inferior extent. Moreover the muscle we have just described sufficiently answers the purpose, by pressing down the globe and causing it to slide a little forwards; as may

a. The two puncta leading into the lachrymal ducts; b, the common entrance of these ducts into the lachrymal sac; c, the head of the lachrymal sac; d, the narrow portion of the sac, or membranous lachrymal canal passing downwards to the nose; e, the lachrymal gland.

Lachrymal Apparatus. (Figs. 13, 14.) At the upper and outer part of the interior of the eyelid are several minute orifices (Fig. 13, c), generally seven in number, arranged in a half-circle, which lead into the secretory ducts of the lachrymal gland. (Fig. 13, b; 14, e.) This is a white flattened lobulated body, of the size of a large bean, lodged in a depression just within the margin of the orbit, and covered externally by the orbicular muscle. The function of this gland is to secrete the tears; and is probably always going on, although not in a degree sufficient to be remarked, except in weeping, or when some foreign body or acrid vapour stimulates the surface of the eye, and by sympathy excites the gland to unusual secretion.

The involuntary actions of the rectus externus and inferior oblique muscles, to which we have alluded, are supposed to have a relation to the lachrymal secretion. In the act of winking, the eye-ball is thrown up in an outward direction, as it would be by the action of these muscles, which not only brings the cornea into the vicinity of the ducts, but makes pressure upon the gland, while it relatively increases the rapidity with which the lids, drawn in winking towards the fixed nasal tendon are swept over the surface of the globe. That there is such a movement, however produced is certain: the motion of the prominent cornea may be felt by the finger gently pressed upon the half-shut lid if it be completely and suddenly closed. The approximation of the lids towards the nose in winking is one of several provisions by which offending particles or superfluous fluids are brought to the inner canthus of the eye to be protruded or absorbed. In this situation there is a vacant space partly occupied by the caruncle, called the lacus lachrymalis (Fig. 11, d); it is a sort of reservoir or rather sink for the tears. Above and below, at the entrance to this space where the ciliary margins terminate, there is a small prominence on the inner edge of both, (Fig. 11, a; 14, a,) centrally punctured by small orifices These are the puncta lachrymalia. Their inward aspect is well shown in Fig. 13. They are the emunctories of the

eye; and their function is to absorb the fluids presented to them, and convey them by two converging canals (Fig. 14, a) to the lachrymal sac (Fig. 14, c), which they enter by a common orifice, (Fig. 14, b). This is a membranous bag about as large as a kidney-bean lodged in a groove in the lachrymal bone, behind the tendon of the orbicular muscle. The lachrymal sac entering a vertical channel in the bone at the end of the groove is narrowed into the lachrymal canal (fig. 14, d), and passes directly downwards into the inferior meatus or chamber of the nose which it enters on the outer side by a slit in the mucous lining. It is not exactly understood in what way the puncta absorb,-whether by capillary attraction or by some vital force of suction. The side of the lachrymal sac is connected with the tendon of the orbicularis, which may aid in producing the effect by suddenly drawing its membranous surfaces apart. We all know the effect of repeated winking when the eyes are filled with tears. Nervous and vascular constitution of the Eye.-Enough has been already said, for general information, with respect to the blood-vessels distributed to the eyeball, and it is not necessary to mention those which supply the appendages. With respect therefore to vascular arrangements we have only to add, that although there are abundant proofs of the existence of an active absorption within the globe, no lymphatic vessels especially destined to that function have been hitherto found in it. The optic or second cerebral nerve has been already described. All the straight muscles, with the exception of the rectus externus, the inferior oblique, and the levator palpebræ, are supplied by the third nerve. The fourth is wholly distributed to the trochlearis, and the sixth to the rectus externus. The orbicular muscle is supplied, like most of those of the face, by the portio dura of the seventh pair. All these, except the optic, are muscular or motor nerves. The fifth nerve supplies the whole organ in common with many other parts with ordinary sensation. Any account of the intricate nervous constitution of the iris would be here quite out of place. The third and sixth nerves are mainly concerned in it. Thus of the ten cerebral nerves, the second, third, fourth, and sixth are wholly, and the fifth and seventh partially distributed to the organ of vision; a fact which may give some idea of the elaborate organization and varied exigencies of the parts which compose it.

Comparative Anatomy of the Eye.-The eyes of insects and many other articulated animals, often consist (as we have mentioned before) of myriads of simple eyes grouped in one compound organ. The eye of the lobster is said to contain at least 5,000. Such organs are commonly placed one on each side of the head. The horny, rounded, naked, and transparent part seen externally represents the cornea. Its surface when viewed by the microscope displays as many hexagonal facettes as the organ contains simple eyes. Beneath each facette is applied the base of a minute transparent cone which constitutes the lens. These cones are arranged side by side with their acute angles directed inwards to the terminations of as many fibrils of an optic nerve. A choroid pigment is spread beneath, and often separates the lenticular cones. Vestiges of the aqueous and vitreous humours are also frequently present. When the eyes are simple, as in the spiders, there are generally several, from two to twelve, placed on different parts of the head and thorax. The lens is of the usual spherical shape, hard and sparkling, and highly refractive. In fish and other aquatic animals the lens is dense, hard, and spherical, to make up in refractive power for the density of the medium through which light reaches the eye. On the other hand the cornea is flat, and there is little aqueous humour. Such provisions would be of no value; for as the refractive power of water is the same as that of aqueous humour, rays penetrating the surface, however shaped, would pass on in the direction of their entrance. Fish are unprovided with eyelids, and the eyeball has but little independent motion. There is a red gelatinous structure near the optic nerve between the layers of the choroid, the use of which is unknown. It is called the choroid gland. The ciliary body and processes are generally absent; but there is a rudiment in the eyes of fish of that part called the pecten in birds.

The eyeballs of quadrupeds and other mammalia resemble the human organ in structure, and differ from it, but not essentially, in form. This is not the case with the appendages. One of the most remarkable additions commonly found to the parts we have described is that of a strong retractor muscle in the shape of a hollow cone at

tached at the apex to the bottom of the orbit, and by the marginal base to the sclerotic, which it embraces, ĺying under the recti muscles. Its use is to draw back the eye in the orbit; a gesture which gives a very peculiar expres sion of hollowness to the organ in beasts of prey. We subjoin the following account of the eye of the common owl (strix bubo), chiefly for the purpose of explaining the pecten and the curious mechanism of the third eyelid, or nictitating membrane, in birds.

Head of the same bird. A portion of the bony margin of the orbit having been removed, the eyeball is turned forward so as to show the recti and other muscles.

The general shape of the organ represented in the annexed figures resembles a bell. This arises from the disposition of a series of quadrangular bony scales (fig. 15, a) within the substance of the sclerotic, concave on their outer aspect, and overlapping and accurately fitted to each other. The rigidity thus communicated to the external case which contains the fluid media prevents their pressure from distending the eye into a spherical shape. The ciliary body (fig. 15, b) extends over the whole of this portion of the surface. A curious membrane called the pecten or comb (fig. 15, c), from some resemblance to that implement, projects through the choroid into the vitreous humour, and in some birds is attached to the side of the lens. In the owl it is comparatively short. It resembles a quadrangular piece of choroid folded backwards and forwards upon itself like the paper of a lady's fan. Of its use little is known. The foramen of Soemmering, described in the account of the human retina, is thought to be a rudiment of the pecten. In birds the retina has generally the yellow colour seen only partially in man round the central spot miscalled a foramen.

At the back of the globe there are two muscles which originate from the sclerotic, and are applied to its curved surface round the entrance of the optic nerve (fig. 17, a). The larger represents rather more than half of what if completed would be a broad circular ring (fig. 17, b). It is called the Quadratus. Attached by its wider edge near the margin of this part of the sclerotic, its fibres converge to the narrower edge, and terminate in a narrow tendon (fig. 17, c), perforated through its whole length like the hem of an apron. The second smaller muscle, called the pyramidalis from its shape (fig. 17, d), at an opposite part of the circumference. Its fibres converge, and are fixed into a long round tendon (figs. 17 and 18, e), which passes through the loop or hem (c) of the Quadratus, and hence turning over the edge of the broad part of the sclerotic, is continued along the

brane at f.

Fig. 18. Lateral view of the same part. e. The tendon of the pyramidalis, attached to the concave part of the sclerotic by tendinous loops, and passing round a prominent bony tubercle, is seen inserted into the nictitating memsurface of its bell-shaped portion, where it passes through several thread-like loops or pulleys which keep it applied to the concavity, and round a bony point which projects from the surface, and is attached near the edge of the cornea to the edge of an elastic fold (fig. 18, f) of the conjunctive which is called the third eyelid or nictitating (i. e. winking) membrane. It will be easily seen by the help of the figures, from this description, that the effect of the simultaneous contraction of the two muscles will be to draw the membrane with great rapidity, making it sweep over the surface of the cornea. It returns by its own elasticity with nearly equal quickness. A bird may be seen to use this mechanism twenty times in a minute; in fact, as often as it may be necessary to cleanse the surface of the eye. The colour of the membrane is milky; and it is seen to pass from the upper and inner to the outer and lower corner of the eye with the speed for which the act of winking is proverbial. There is a rudiment of this third eyelid in the human organ. It is a smali crescentic fold of conjunctiva situated at the inner canthus behind the caruncle. (Fig. 13, f.) The haw is also a rudiment of it, in the eyes of quadrupeds; it is occasionally forced out by the pressure of the globe against the nasal side of the orbit, being unprovided with muscles.

Seat of Vision.-The retina in one sense is not the seat of vision. It is necessary to the perception that the impression of light should be received on another part not endowed with sensibility, namely the surface of the choroid; and that the vibration or other effect thus impressed should be transferred to the retina in front of that surface; for where the choroid is deficient at the entrance of the nerve, there is no perception of light. This may be easily shown by a very common and conclusive experiment. If two discs of white paper be fixed upon a wall at the distance of two feet from each other, and an observer, having closed one eye (the left), continues to gaze attentively at the left-hand disc, at the same time slowly retreating from the wall, he will for a time continue to see them both; the rays from the right-hand object entering of course laterally, and impinging upon the retina nearer and nearer to the entrance of the nerve as he goes backward. At length when he has reached the distance of about 6 feet from the wall, the right-hand object will suddenly disappear, and remain invisible (the observer still retreating) till he has gained a distance of about eight feet. During this period the spectrum has been passing over the circular aperture in the choroid through which the nerve enters. The insensible portion of the retina is found to extend horizontally over five degrees and a half of the angular range of vision. The eyes are generally unequal in power, and the experiment succeeds best in the weaker organ, in which the obscuration is more sudden and complete. In the experiment previously mentioned, showing the distribution of the central artery of the retina, the surface of the choroid is faintly illuminated through the transparent nervous expansion by what is called the dispersion of part of the light admitted through the pupil; but the rays thus scattered are locally intercepted by the opaque blood contained in the minute branches of the artery; hence, after several repetitions, when the eye has become accustomed to neglect the taper, and attend to the fainter internal illumination, the shadow of the vascular net-work upon the choroid becomes perceptible in dark lines.

Apparent direction of objects seen obliquely.-A body in motion, as a ball, striking the surface of another, impresses it in a line perpendicular to the surface at the point of impact. This rule appears to hold good with respect to the action of light upon the retina. Indeed if impressions of any kind be made upon it, the sensation is that of light, and the direction suggested is that of a line joining the centre of the sphere of which the retina forms a part with the point impressed,-in other words, a line perpendicular to it. This may be shown in several ways: if we excite the nerve by pressing far back upon the eyeball with the finger nail, especially if the eye be closed or light otherwise excluded, a bright ring appears to be seen in a diametrically opposite quarter.

Erect Vision.-If the sclerotic and choroid be carefully removed under water from the back of an eye, an inverted picture of any object held before the cornea is seen upon the now milky surface of the retina. Hence the celebrated question raised in the age of philosophical barbarism, how is it that we see objects erect when the image on the retina is inverted? The question is an idle one, which is perhaps hardly worth answering. The mind judges of the apparent place of objects or of parts of an object by the direction of the impressions made upon the retina, not by the part of it which may happen to be affected by these impressions. The shadow of the central artery is an example of an impression necessarily received always upon the same parts; yet the apparent, or in other words the relative, place of the shadow will be found to vary with every movement of the eye.

Single Vision.-Another question, not so trivial as the last, has been raised with respect to single vision with two eyes, as the impression must be twofold. But perhaps it will not require an answer if the reader will try to imagine double vision of the same object, or rather of the same point, for the question resolves itself into that. Let the two supposed images approach each other, still remaining double, till they are in contact. Another step in the imaginary approximation, and they are one. The truth is, that both eyes see the object in the same place; and as two images, no more than two material substances, can occupy the same place at the same time, the impressions coincide and are single.

Diseases of the Eye.-We shall content ourselves in speaking of the diseases of the eye, with a few remarks which may serve as an index to the separate articles upon the most important of those diseases.

Blindness may be produced in various degrees by injury or disease of the retina, as by lightning. Such affections are technically known as amaurosis, but will be mentioned under the more familiar title of GUTTA SERENA. The sight may also be lost by anything which destroys the transparency of any of the refracting media. [CATARACT: GLAU COMA; LEUCOMA.] Closure of the pupil is of course attended with loss of vision. It arises from diseases of the iris and may sometimes be remedied by an operation. Information with respect to inflammations and other diseases of the iris, sclerotic, and choroid, will be found under GOUT; IRITIS; PUPIL, ARTIFICIAL; RHEUMATISM; SYPHILIS. Inflammatory and ulcerative affections of the conjunctiva, whether of the eye or lid, are called OPHTHALMIA. The diseases of the lachrymal organs, and a peculiar paralytic affection of the muscle which elevates the upper eyelid will be mentioned respectively under the heads of FISTULA LACHRYMALIS and PTOSIS. Almost all affections of the eye, whether they result from injury or spontaneously, are liable to be extended from one eye to the other, so close is the sympathy between these organs. When the contents of the eyeball have been by any means evacuated, which may arise either from accident or disease, or operations which disease sometimes renders necessary, the sclerotic shrinks into a tubercle at the bottom of the eye, which produces of course a very unsightly effect, as well as no little inconvenience. It is common in these cases to resort to the introduction of what is called an artificial eye, consisting of a smooth shell of glass or enamel, suited in size and shape to the circumstances of the case, and coloured in exact imitation of the remaining organ. It is difficult when this is well made to distinguish it from a natural eye, and the illusion is much more complete from the circumstance that the muscles, still attached to the shrunk sclerotic, are capable of moving the artificial eye in correspondence with the other to an extent which would hardly be believed.

EYE (in Optics). [LIGHT; OPTICE.]

this prophet very contemptuously as having been Jeremiah's servant boy, and the object of popular ridicule and raillery, whence his name 'son of Buzi' ( buz, contempt). Jo

Preussisch-Eilau, the chief town, built in 1336, is situated on the Pasmer, in 54° 25′ N. lat. and 20° 35' E. long. It has an old castle, a church, about 200 houses, and about 2150 inhabitants, who manufacture woollen cloths, hats, leather, &c. The name it bears has been given to it in order to distinguish it from Deutsch-Eilau, a town in the Prussian administrative circle of Marienwerder. An obstinate engagement took place near Preussisch-Eilau between the French forces under Napoleon and the Russian under Bennigsen on the 7th and 8th February, 1807. After the combatants had lost 30,000 in killed and 50,000 in wounded, they withdrew their troops from the field.

EYRE (from the old French eyre, a journey), the court of the justices itinerant who were regularly established, if not first appointed by the parliament of Northampton, A.D. 1176-22 Hen. II.-with a delegated power from the king's great court, or Aula Regis, being looked upon as members thereof. They were first appointed to make their circuit round the kingdom once in seven years, but by Magna Charta, c. 12, it was provided that they should be sent into every county once a year. Their jurisdiction and mode of proceeding are laid down 4 Inst., 184. These judges itinerant have been long superseded by the modern justices of assize. There was also a court so called which was held before the chief justices of the several forests, under the old Forest Laws. These courts were instituted A.D. 1184 by Hen. II., and were formerly very regularly held; but the last of any note that was holden was in the reign of Charles I., before the Earl of Holland, the rigorous proceedings at which are reported by Sir William Jones (Jones, i. 266). Charles I. endeavoured to make these odious forest laws a source of revenue independent of the parliament; and though, after the Restoration, another Court of Eyre was held before the earl of Oxford (North's Life of Lord Guildford, 45), it was merely pro forma, and since the Revolution, 1688, they have fallen into total disuse. There are still two officers appointed by letters patent (4 Inst. 291), who are called Chief Justices in Eyre, the one south, the other north, of Trent, whose deputies perform some trifling and harmless functions connected with the royal forests in their respective districts:-the offices themselves are sinecures.

EZEKIEL, the Book of the Prophet, is a canonical book of the Old Testament, divided, in our English version, into 48 chapters, and placed next after Jeremiah's Book of Lamentations, and before the book of Daniel. Ezekiel was partially contemporaneous with Jeremiah, and is one of the prophets called The Greater,' a distinction which relates to the comparative magnitude and importance of their books. He was a priest, the son of Buzi (i. 3), and, according to the account of his life ascribed (erroneously) to Epiphanius, he was born at a place called Saresa. In the first Babylonian captivity he was carried away by Nebuchadnezzar into Mesopotamia, with the Kings Jeconiah and Jehoiachim, and all the principal inhabitants of Jerusalem, who were stationed at Tel-abib (iii. 15) and at other places on the river Chebar (i. 1, 3), the Chaboras of Ptolemy, which flows into the east side of the Euphrates at Carchemish, about 300 miles north-west of Babylon. He is stated to have commenced his prophesying in the fifth year of his captivity (i. 2), about B.C. 598, and to have continued it during more than 22 years, that 1-, until the fourteenth year after the destruction of JeruSalem by Nebuchadnezzar. The pseudo-Epiphanius says that Ezekiel, on account of his aversion to adopt the Chaldæan idolatry, was put to death by the Jewish prince or commander of the captives. Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela states that his tomb is between the Euphrates and the Chebar, in a vault built by King Jehoiachim, and that within it the Jews keep a lamp perpetually burning. The same writer asserts, with equal appearance of traditional falsehood, that the Jews possess the book of Ezekiel in the original autograph, which they read every year on the great day of expiation. Greatly inconsistent with such veneraP. C., No. 613.

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understand him to mean the present book, divided at the end of chapter xxxix., for the nine remaining chapters are distinctly different with regard both to subject and style. The first 39 chapters are occupied with the prophet's highly poetic and impassioned announcement of God's wrath and vengeance against the rebellious idolatry, perverseness, and sensuality of the Jews, as well as against their enemies, the surrounding nations. All this portion is replete with dreadful pictures of the calamities of war-of ruin, desolation, death, and destruction-slaughter, pestilence, famine, and every imaginable state of misery; but in the nine chapters of the latter portion the prophet describes, in a more prosaic style, his visions of the new temple and city of Jerusalem. In visionary presence he walks about the holy metropolis of Judæa as raised from its ruins in which it was left by the Chaldæan conqueror, and restored to the splendor which it displayed in the reign of Solomon. He measures and observes minutely all the dimensions of the Temple and city; gives directions for the celebration of sacrificial rites, feasts, and ceremonies; partitions the country among the several tribes; and enumerates the duties of priests, king, and people. Dr. A. Clarke, in his edition of the Bible, gives a plate of the Temple according to Ezekiel's description, and a map of Judæa as allotted by this prophet to the different tribes. A full and particular analysis of the contents of the whole 48 chapters is given in Mr. Horne's Introduction to the Bible. The following is a brief and general survey. Chapters i. to iii. (and see chap. 10) describe the vision of the wheels and cherubim, called Jehovah's Chariot, and the prophet's reception of the divine instructions and commission. Chapters iv. to xxiv. reiterate reproaches and denunciations against the Israelites and their prophets, announcing, in various visions and parables, the numerous calamities about to come upon them as a punishment of their rebellious idolatry and depravity. The species of idolatry adopted by the Jews in preference to the religious system of Moses appears, by the declarations of Ezekiel and the other prophets, to have been Sabism, or the worship of the sun on high places planted with trees. (See chapters viii. xiv. xvi. xvii. xx. xxviii. &c.) Dr. A. Clarke quotes Palladius De Re Rustica' to show that the tile' (iv. 1) on which the prophet portrayed the city of Jerusalem was a brick, two feet long and one foot broad, and he supposes that the mimic apparatus of war (v. 2) were made by the prophet with clay. The 390 years signified by the prophet's lying as many days (v. 4 and 5) on his left side, are said by biblical chronologists to be the period from B.C. 970 to 580; and the 40 years signified by his lying 40 days on his right side (v. 6) is the period from B.C. 580 to 540. Concerning the fact of baking bread with human and other excrement (v. 12 and 15), see Calmet's Dict. by Taylor, vol. iii.; Fragments, p. 9, &c., where the oriental custom of using dung for fuel is explained. Chapters xxiv. to xxxii. declare the dreadful judgments of God against the enemies of the Jews, namely, the surrounding nations of Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, and Philistines; against the cities of Tyre and Zidon; and against all the land of Egypt. It may suffice to remark here that all these manifestations of the divine anger towards the nations of Palestine, Phoenicia, and Egypt, relate to the slaughter and devastation which attended the conquests of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon; and that in order properly to understand the prophet's descriptions, it is necessary to consider particularly the circumstances and character of the Jews, and all the collateral history of the period. Of these an abstract is given by Bishop Newcome in the Introduction to his Translation of Ezekiel, and more particular and critical accounts are supplied in the scholia and prolegomena of the various commentators named at the end of the article.

Chapters xxxiii. to xxxvii. are occupied with declarations of the justice and forgiveness of God to the repentant-the fall of Jerusalem-a severe rebuke (chap. xxxiv.) of the avarice, idleness, and cruelty of the shepherds or priests of Israel-and consolatory promises of the people's restoration and return to Palestine. Chapters xxxviii. and xxxix. contain the Prophecy of Gog and Magog; and the nine concluding chapters, as already VOL. X.-U