Supreme Court. As a foreword, Mr. Ernest Poole's characterization of Mr. Brandeis is reprinted from the American Magazine.

Several additional volumes in the La Salle Extension University series have recently appeared. Ernest L. Bogart's Business Economics (Chicago, La Salle Extension University, 1915; viii, 268 pp.) is a brief introduction to the field of economics written for the man who would be repelled by one of the usual college texts. The "practical" side of the subject is emphasized and theory reduced to the vanishing point. A somewhat unusual feature is the inclusion of several interesting chapters describing the mineral and agricultural resources of the United States. The book is well done and will serve its purpose admirably.

Louis Guenther, the editor of the Financial World, has written the volume called Investment and Speculation (Chicago, La Salle Extension University, 1916; xi, 289 pp.). After two short introductory chapters upon the general aspects of investment and speculation, he treats, seria tim, the various types of investment, including realestate mortgages. The last half of the book is devoted to a discussion of speculation and the practice of the exchanges. The book is superficial and in places inexact, but it is interestingly written and contains some valuable illustrative material.

In Industrial Organization and Management (Chicago, La Salle Extension University, 1915; xv, 291 pp.) Professor Hugo Diemer attempts a comprehensive survey of a very large field. Practically all of the "non-commercial" topics are treated. The problems of general organization, of location and equipment, of buying and storing, of planning and accounting, of employment and wage payment are among those discussed. The author has had the advantage of both university and factory training, but his book shows much more evidence of the latter than of the former. Owing to the excessive brevity with which the topics are discussed, some are left very unclear to one unfamiliar with the general field. Moreover, it might be urged that more space should have been devoted to generalizing concerning the value and relative importance of the various methods and policies described. Both of these defects militate against the usefulness of the book as a text for college students. With readers who are themselves familiar with practical factory conditions they are of less importance.

Three men coöperate to produce the volume on Credits and Collections (Chicago, La Salle Extension University, 1916; xi, 266 pp.). The first half-dozen chapters, devoted to credits, are written by Edward M. Skinner, who in his preface acknowledges with commendable

frankness that Stephen Gilman "has done most of the work." This essay of 120 pages is probably the best brief treatment of the subject yet available. Avoiding the error which so many business men have made in their writing, of presenting as a full treatment of the problem a description of some successful credit department, the authors in this case have confined their discussion in the main to general principles. They have not neglected, however, to supply numerous illuminating examples drawn from actual practice. But these are presented in their proper perspective in the course of a well-balanced general discussion. The sections on collections written by R. S. White and on instalment collections by H. E. Kramer, are interesting and satisfactory.

In The Science and Practice of Management (New York, The Engineering Company, 1914; xviii, 535 pp.) Mr. A. Hamilton Church excludes questions dealing with selling, distribution and finance and confines himself solely to the consideration of the actual manufacturing of the product. In manufacturing industry he distinguishes what he terms five organic functions: design, equipment, operation, control and comparison. The nature of these organic functions may be desscribed by saying that they represent varieties of effort" effort applied in five different ways to produce five different kinds of results.” The writer then distinguishes what he terms three laws of effort. The first is that "experience must be systematically accumulated, standardized, and applied" (page 112). The second law of effort deals with the division, coördination, conservation and remuneration of effort," or, more broadly, effort must be "economically regulated." The third law of effort is that "personal effectiveness must be promoted" (page 208). The volume deserves careful examination by those who are dealing with manufacturing organization and by any others who may be interested therein, either as teachers or students of the subject. It deserves especial attention as representing a pure theoretical treatment of manufacturing which endeavors systematically to formulate and develop certain laws and rules of general applicability thereto. The volume is an important contribution to the science of business organization which is gradually being developed by a number of men interested in the efficiency movement, by several business men who are now studying and writing on this subject, and to a less degree by an academic group in the colleges and schools of commerce in the United States.

Mr. Paul E. Neystrom's Retail Selling and Store Management (New York, D. Appleton and Company, 1914; xxiii, 280 pp.) is a pioneer volume in a field that has hitherto been scarcely touched by writers on

business economics. The book will undoubtedly be of great assistance and value not only to store managers but also to those who are actually engaged in retail selling. In the first portion of the book we have chapters dealing with "the salesman", "the psychology of selling", "how instinct aids in selling", "attracting attention ", "arousing interest, desire and determination", "closing the sale", and "special problems in retail salesmanship." These are chapters designed for the improvement and assistance of the retail sales person. On the other hand, several of the chapters deal specifically with the problem of store management, as is indicated by the following topics: "leaks and losses in retail stores," "window display," "efficiency in store organization," "store policy," "cost of selling," "retail advertising," "credits and collections." Each chapter in the volume is subdivided into topics dealing with specific phases of the chapter in which it is found. The discussion is very concrete, giving specific suggestions and illustrations and containing on the whole comparatively little material that does not go directly to the particular points under dis

cussion.

In Getting the Most out of Business (New York, The Ronald Press Company, 1915; xx, 483 pp.) Mr. E. St. Elmo Lewis, one of the best known advertising men in the country, attempts to apply certain principles of efficiency to the departments of business outside of the manufacturing organization. He gives much useful information, badly organized. Whatever may be the minor defects of Mr. Lewis's volume, however, it is none the less a valuable piece of work. It contains discussions of the National Cash Register school for salesmen, the utilization of standard practice instructions, the use and value of the sales manual, executive organization, including the application of line and staff principles, wage payments and methods etc. This fact alone would remove the book from the class of volumes that deal in generalities giving the reader neither concrete reasoning nor concrete applications to actual conditions. No student or reader of business organization ought to neglect a perusal of those parts of the volume dealing with the subjects just referred to.

Amos Kidder Fiske, who has long been favorably known as the author of The Modern Bank, has formulated his analysis of the ills which beset the social body and his remedy for the same, and presents them in a book entitled Honest Business-Right Conduct for Organizations of Capital and Labor (New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1914; vii, 333 pp.). There is great injustice in the distribution of wealth, he believes, due in part to the institutions of inheritance and the private

ownership of land but chiefly to a lack of mere honesty. There should be a real union between economics and ethics. "The one thing most needed in solving the problems of labor and capital and the relations of business to the general well-being is simple honesty in the dealings of men with each other and with the public " (page 8). "Persistently applied", he states in another place," it [honesty] would be a solvent of all difficulty" (page 331). As to what honesty is in the difficult situations which abound in our industrial life Mr. Fiske is somewhat vague. Distribution, he says, should be made on the basis of productivity, but in cases of dispute as to the application of the rule he suggests nothing more fundamental than an "impartial tribunal upon which both sides to the partnership of labor and capital are represented, to fix the terms of apportionment" (page 330).

A handy manual dealing with technical education is that prepared by Professor F. W. Roman of Syracuse University, entitled The Industrial and Commercial Schools of the United States and Germany: A Comparative Study (New York, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1916; xv, 382). Although somewhat sketchy in form, the book brings out its main points satisfactorily by considerable citation from original material and by statistical apparatus. The survey is comprehensive rather than detailed, and the conclusions, as would naturally be the case, fairly obvious though there is a little comfort to be got from the fact that we have achieved our industrial position in spite of the lack of such schools (page 362).

Mr. Joseph Husband has written a series of brilliant little sketches entitled America at Work (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1915; 111 pp.). The description of a ride in the cab of an express locomotive which is the subject of the essay entitled "Semaphore" is one of the finest and most convincing bits of word-painting of its kind. The description of Gary in the third essay is touched with genuine imagination. While the book is but slight, it holds high promise.

One of the striking aspects of our recent industrial development has been the tendency among large establishments to abandon the cities and locate in new towns established for their own purposes. The social problems occasioned by this movement are treated by Mr. Graham R. Taylor in Satellite Cities (New York, D. Appelton and Company, 1915; xviii, 333 pp.). The book consists of a series of articles originally published in The Survey, which set forth much interesting information concerning economic, social and political conditions gathered by visits to a large number of towns. A chapter is contributed by Jane Addams in which she analyzes the causes underlying the failure of

the famous Pullman experiment. Students of housing and city planning will find the volume very useful.

Those desiring a handy compendium of facts relating to the progress of the negro race in the United States will find it in the Negro Year Book (Tuskegee, The Negro Year Book Publishing Company, 1916; x, 470 pp.) edited by Monroe N. Work. The volume for 1916-1917 is the fourth annual edition. The greater part of the material consists of a revision of that published in the earlier editions, but there are over 100 pages of new matter, dealing mainly with recent events from the standpoint of their effect on the negro.

As a result of One is a study

An evidence of scientific interest in the negro problem in the South is the establishment of the Phelps-Stokes fellowship in the University of Virginia for the special study of the negro problem. this fellowship two volumes have recently appeared. of Rural Land Ownership Among the Negroes of Virginia (Charlottesville, The University of Virginia, n. d; 110 pp.), by Samuel T. Bitling. The study is confined largely to Albermarle County. The author's conclusion is that the negro's problem is chiefly an economic one and that his best opportunity is in farming, where his lower standard of living. than his white competitor tends to compensate for the superior efficiency of the latter. With the influx of immigrants with low standards of living, the negro will, however, be compelled to increase his efficiency in order to retain the economic advantage which he now enjoys.

The other volume, entitled Lectures and Addresses on the Negro in the South (Charlottesville, University of Virginia, n. d., 128 pp.), contains eight lectures by Southern men on various aspects of the negro problem. Though of varying merit, they are important as an index to what earnest Southerners are thinking about the negro. In discussing justice between the races Mr. Clarence Poe notes that the negro by reason of his lower standard of living is driving the white farmer from agricul tural pursuits and affirms that to establish the economic equality of the white farmer the first step must be race-segregation in land ownership. Mr. William O. Scroggs, on the other hand, affirms that "the scheme of segregation is the most mischievious measure that has been proposed since the days of the old reconstruction." He insists that "if the whites suffer from the presence of masses of unskilled, low-standard colored labor, the obvious remedy is to take measures to increase its skill and raise its standards." Professor Ulrich B. Phillips shows that "in spite of the diminished efficiency of the general run of the negroes, the labor cost per pound of cotton is not so great [today] as it was in 1860, and that there is no tendency toward the unremitting enhance