repeated applause." The "aristocracy of the skin" was declared to be" at last doomed." The president of the convention, obedient to a motion that was "carried with loud applause," received the three deputies with the "fraternal kiss." A moment later, slavery, wherever it might exist in French territory, was abolished by acclamation. At this point attention was called to the fact that a "citizeness of color," who had regularly been present at the sittings, had fainted from joy, a fact that was ordered to be entered in the minutes as a "recognition of her civic virtues."

To those familiar with the history of Reconstruction in the United States, such scenes may suggest a difference in manners rather than in fundamental assumptions. In San Domingo, the political, social and climatic conditions were all favorable to the success of such a revolution as actually took place. When, after the overthrow of French authority in the island, Napoleon sought to reëstablish the French power, malaria and yellow fever came to the aid of the former slaves, now wrought into a frenzy by the attempt to restore them to a servile condition, and delayed the work of reconquest till the British blockade assured the victory of the blacks under Dessalines. In October, 1904, this energetic but remorseless leader, after having proclaimed the independence of the country under its Indian name of " Haiti," crowned himself as emperor; and in the following year, he completed his triumph by the massacre of the whites, of whom it was estimated that scarcely a score were left alive. As Dr. Stoddard observes: "The black State of Haiti had begun its troubled history."

At this point the volume closes. Its pages bear the marks of painstaking and intelligent research. The story of the revolution is told in ample detail. The impression is indeed sometimes given of an almost excessive anxiety lest some of the facts which the author had carefully gathered might not be duly set forth or might escape the reader's recollection. Perhaps a greater confidence in the reader's memory might have conduced to the continuity of the narrative and to the avoidance of occasional repetitions. But these are minor considerations as compared with the substantial merits of the contribution which the author has made to the history of a political and social upheaval, the results of which, although it seemed for a long while to have been almost forgotten, continue now and then to force themselves upon the attention of the world.

J. B. MOORE.

BOOK NOTES

The interest in Belgium at present has called out an English translation of Professor Henri Pirenne's short history of medieval democracy in the Netherlands, under the title of Belgian Democracy (Translated by J. V. Saunders; Manchester, The University Press, 1915; xi, 250 pp.), and it is to be hoped that students of history in American colleges will benefit permanently from his little work, although brought out under such tragic auspices. Professor Pirenne is easily the most competent historian of his country, and this survey of the growth and varied fortunes of the Belgian cities during the Middle Ages is written with a freer hand than he has allowed himself in his larger work, so that the reader can gather with a minimum of effort a genuine and authoritative picture of the social forces and constitutional structure of the Low Countries. The subject is not an easy one to handle, for the cities were of different types and their relationship to bishops and secular lords varied considerably among themselves and at different times. Moreover, in the history of such a complicated community there are few single personalities which stand out sufficiently from the mass to secure a name in history, and no great houses have kept their individuality from generation to generation as major forces in Flemish history. Thus the story lacks that continuity which one finds in the history of the national state under the line of its kings. To make up for that, one falls back on the story of the economic and social advance. This is told briefly but compactly by Professor Pirenne. Although he lacks the skill of the artist in history, he succeeds in presenting a body of facts for the student to work over and acquire, and the book as a whole is a distinct contribution for the college and classroom.

The local history of France has been enriched in the last few years by many researches in departmental archives. This is especially true of Paris, where the municipal library is a center for much valuable output. Under the auspices of the Préfecture of the Seine, M. Lucien Lambeau has compiled three huge volumes dealing with the history of the communcs annexed to Paris in 1859. These histories-Bercy, Vaugirard and Grenelle-(Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1910, 1912, 1914; 506; 538; iii, 485 pp.) furnished as they are with excellent apparatus in documentation and illustration, show what scholarly historical work can do to furnish a basis for social history when supported by an intelligent administration.

In the second, third and fourth volumes of the Travaux juridiques et économiques de l'Université de Rennes (Rennes, Bibliothèque universitaire, 1908–9, 1911, 1912; 111, 99, 93 pp.) Professor Charles Turgeon of the Faculty of Law of that university has a series of valuable articles on La Conception matérialiste de l'histoire, in which he analyzes the conceptions of Marx and Engels, Labriola and Loria, and presents the case both for and against the materialist interpretation with much clarity and detail. While he rejects the conclusions of the socialist interpreters he does not do so in the cavalier fashion of an absolutist. On the contrary he seems mainly to protest against the dogmatism and the militant conclusions of these writers, while demanding a recognition of the action of other stimuli upon society. The articles are the product of a thinking man facing the tangle of phenomena with a sense of the weakness of any unitary explanation.

The Clarendon Press has published a useful source-book for the social history of England in Mr. J. Turral's Illustrations to British History B. C. 55-A. D. 1854 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1913; 313 pp.). It is unique in its choice of material, since it includes so much of the description of society from the days of Caesar to those of the children in the mines. Teachers of social history are in need of just such books.

The same publishers have also brought out a collection of English poems for use with history classes, Lyra Historica: Poems of British History (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1911; 96 pp.) by Mr. Turral and M. E. Windsor, but it is of less value and of more limited scope.

A valuable manual is the Introduction to the Economic History of England (London, A. & C. Black, 1915; viii, 552 pp.), by E. Lipson, of Trinity College, Cambridge, of which the first volume, dealing with the Middle Ages, has just appeared. It is not so much a class-room manual as a book of reference, for it states and summarizes the points of view of all those whose opinions are worth citing on matters like the growth of the manor, the origins of the three-field system, medieval towns and commerce. This makes the book very useful to turn to for rapid reference; in fact, it is in its field much what Medley's is in constitutional history. But though conscientious and adequate in its way, no breath of life is stirring within its pages. History is a series of problems. They are clearly stated, and the best that has been done toward solving them is presented impartially and checked up with cross references to the most recent critiques. This is a valuable thing to have done and perhaps it is hypercritical to expect more in a single volume, since the imaginative reconstruction of the past which restores

its vitality to the reader seldom goes with just this kind of presentation. In its own field, Mr. Lipson's book is thorough and scholarly, and it will be a welcome guide to those who are finding the growing amount of material upon medieval economic history a little hard to control. Its contribution of original material is mainly in the chapters dealing with trade in the later Middle Ages. The treatment of the manor is, upon the whole, conventional; but in the story of the transition to modern times the author offers a wealth of detail not hitherto pulled together. The activities of the fourteenth century stand out well here. It may be a small matter, but it seems strange, that at the close of such a scholarly book the bibliography should be called a list of "authorities," and primary and secondary sources be all put together.

Mr. J. J. Webb's Industrial Dublin Since 1698 and the Silk Industry in Dublin (Dublin, Maunsel and Company, 1913; ix, 210 pp.) had an interesting origin; and from its success it may have as satisfactory a sequel. It is the outcome of a scholarship at the National University, a scholarship which was founded in 1904 in memory of the late W. P. Coyne, who was the first chief of the Statistics and Intelligence Branch of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction, one of the most serviceable of the state departments of Ireland. The industrial history of Ireland is often thought of as including only the woolen and linen industries and shipbuilding at Belfast. But, as Mr. Webb brings out, Dublin has an industrial history which, while not so extensive, is nearly as interesting as the industrial history of London or Manchester. There is a hopeful aspect to the industrial history of Dublin. Some industries since 1681 have thriven for a time and vanished. But at the present time there are at least four industries-brewing, biscuit manufacture, silk, and steel shipbuilding—that are as prosperous as any industry in Belfast. Two of the most interesting revelations of Mr. Webb's book are the survival of the old apprenticeship system in the silk industry, and the extent to which, through the trade unions, women are excluded from the weave rooms of the silk mills in Dublin. In a preface written by Mr. T. P. Gill, of the Department of Agriculture, there is an intimation that Mr. Webb's monograph may be the beginning of a series. There are many Irish subjects awaiting investigation, and the general excellence and utility of Mr. Webb's work will help to secure a cordial welcome for similar monographs dealing with other aspects of the economic and political history of Ireland.

The Tory Tradition (London, John Murray, 1914; xiii, 143 pp.), by Geoffrey G. Butler, contains four essays on English Toryism as it

was exemplified in the writings and speeches of Bolingbroke, Burke, Disraeli and Salisbury, given in lecture form at the University of Pennsylvania in 1914. Mr. Butler's standpoint as regards American understanding of English political parties is clearly stated in the preface:

On former visits to the United States I have had forced upon me the desire of Americans to understand our party system. The average American thinks that he understands the aims and views of the Radical party. They are the aims and views of all sensible and enlightened men! The Tory party, on the contrary, not one in ten takes the trouble to investigate. It is the party of privilege, of rapacious mediævalism, of opposition to enlightened reform ! "" We have no Tories in America" he will say; "we don't stand for that type of person over here." Radical historians have taken care that both the Tory of the eighteenth century and the Tory of the twentieth century shall not stand on his merits in the land of liberty.

Mr. Butler has certainly done effective service for English Tory principles in his endeavor to offset the Radical historians. Moreover, his method is both original and attractive; for in choosing biography as his medium he ensures for himself a wider reading constituency than if he had written a thesis on Tory principles. In his studies of the careers and achievements of Bolingbroke, Burke, Disraeli and Salisbury he brings out with much clearness the contribution-constructive as distinct from merely negative Toryism-to Tory doctrine and Tory principles of each of these eighteenth and nineteenth century leaders. There is an indication of the present-day willingness of English politicians and writers to adopt American political phrases in Mr. Butler's reference to Lord Randolph Churchill's attitude in 1880 towards Sir Stafford Northcote and some of his contemporaries of the Conservative party; for when he is writing of the group within the Tory party whom Churchill contemptuously described as the "old Guard," he uses the word "stand-patters." The book is an exceedingly readable as well as permanently valuable addition to the literature of English party history.

The subject of Mr. George G. Baker's Colonel St. Paul of Ewart, Soldier and Diplomat (London, St. Catharine Press, 1911; two volumes cxciv, 320, 483 pp.) was educated for the bar and was admitted to Gray's Inn. Unfortunately, he had barely entered upon his career when he was convicted of wilful murder for killing his antagonist in a duel. In order to escape the penalty of the law he fled to the continent, settling in France. Up to this time the name he had borne was Henry Paul. His last name, in conformity with a family tradition