But now the mystick tale, that pleas'd of yore, While the dull moral lies too plain below." Shakespeare was simply left out of Addison's list. His next heroes were Cowley and Sprat-Great Cowley, whose "fault is only wit in its excess." "Blest man who's spotless life a.id charming lays Employ'd the tuneful prelate in thy praise: Whate'er his pen describes I more than see, Bold and sublime, my whole attention draws, A genuine admiration of Milton, who did not appeal in vain to young Addison's religious feeling, is the most interesting feature of these lines, which went on from Milton to Waller, Roscommon, Denham, Dryden, Congreve, Montague, and Dorset, in the manner of one who was being educated in "an understanding age," trained by polite France in a shallow selfsufficiency. This "understanding age," however, was not quite ignorant of Spenser. There had appeared, in 1687, Spenser Redivivus: containing the First Book of the Fairy Queen, His Essential Design preserv'd, but his Obsolete Language and Manner of Verse totally laid aside. Deliver'd in Heroick Numbers, by a Person of Quality. All the old music, with its sweet variety of number, was fled. There were no more sonnets; they took flight out of our literature at the coming in of the French influence. Narrative was to be after the manner of France, in rhymed couplets; our old "riding rhyme," so called because it was the rhyme that described the Canterbury pilgrims, was now dubbed "heroic verse," and the predominance of this metre had now become one characteristic of the outward form of English poetry. Richard Steele wrote his earliest published verse a few months after the appearance of Addison's Account of the Poets. But Steele's interest was above all things in life itself, and then TO A.D. 194) STEELE. ADDISON. KEN. SHERLOCK 757 in literature as the expression of it. He showed his interest in men by writing a comedy at college, and was content to burn it when a fellow-student thought it bad. His first printed verse was on the death of Queen Mary, by small-pox, in the Christmas week of 1694; and Steele used more than once one of its opening lines, expressing his sense of the earnest under-tone of life" Pleasure itself has something that's severe." Since the throne was not vacant, Parliament still sat, and for the first time a procession of the two Houses of Lords and Commons joined in the funeral pomp of an English sovereign. Steele's poem, of about 150 lines, was called The Procession. 9. When Mary and her husband had been proclaimed King and Queen of England, Mary sent to ask William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, for his blessing, and had for answer, "Tell the princess to ask her father's; without that I doubt mine would not be heard in heaven." He would not transfer to William the oaths he had sworn to James, and was suspended on the 1st of August, 1689, but not deprived till 1690, when four more of the seven bishops whom King James had sent to the Tower-namely, Turner, White, Locke, and Ken-besides Lloyd of Norwich and Frampton of Gloucester, were deprived as Non-jurors. About four hundred clergymen and members of the Universities suffered with them, and many who took the oaths had no sympathy with the Revolution. Thomas Ken (ch. x. § 59), when deprived, at the age of fifty-three, had £700 and his books, and was presently housed by an old college friend, Thomas Thyune, Lord Weymouth, in a suite of rooms in his mansion of Longleate, in Wiltshire. Lord Weymouth took Ken's £700, and paid him an annuity of £80 a year. From Longleate he paid occasional visits to friends, went abroad at first on his old white horse, and, when that was worn out, on foot, preaching, and collecting subscriptions for distressed Nonjurors and their families. At Longleate House he died, in March, 1711. Among the non-jurors was William Sherlock, a divine then high in repute, born in 1641, educated at Eton and Peterhouse, Cambridge; in 1669 Rector of St. George's, Botolph Lane, and Prebendary of St. Paul's; then Master of the Temple, an active preacher and writer against the Roman Catholics. At the time of his deprivation, Sherlock published, in 1689, the most popular of his books, Practical Discourse concerning Death. His deprivation was soon followed by his acceptance of the established authority in 1691, when he was restored to his office of Master of the Temple, and made Dean of St. Paul's. In 1692 appeared his Practical Discourse concerning Future Judgment; and he was involved in a long and bitter controversy with Robert South, a learned, zealous, and goodnatured divine, upon the Trinity. Sherlock died in 1707; South, who had conformed to all Governments of his time, died in 1716, aged eighty-three. The amiable John Tillotson, who took in 1691 the archbishopric of which Sancroft had been deprived, lived only until 1694, and his funeral sermon was preached by Gilbert Burnet, who had been regarded by the Stuarts as an enemy since 1682, when he showed his sympathy with Lord William Russell during his trial and before his execution. Burnet was abroad, and much with the Prince and Princess of Orange during the reign of James II. He came over with William as his chaplain. In 1690 he was made Bishop of Salisbury. He had published, in 1686, at Amsterdam, Some Letters containing an Account of what seemed Most Remarkable in Switzerland, Italy, &c. They are five letters addressed to the Hon. Robert Boyle. The information in them is compactly given, and their tone is very strongly Protestant. Burnet published, in 1692, A Life of William Bedell, D.D., Lord Bishop of Kilmore, in Ireland, with his Letters, and A Discourse of the Pastoral Care. William Penn (ch. x. § 41) published, in 1694, A Brief Account of the Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers, and an Account of his Travels in Holland and Germany in 1677, for the Service of the Gospel of Christ, by way of Journal. Fox (ch. ix. § 16) and Barclay (ch. x. § 21) had been Penn's companions on that journey. The Journal of George Fox, who died in 1690, was published in 1694. 10. John Strype, born at Stepney in 1643, was educated at St. Paul's School and Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1669 he was presented to the living of Theydon Boys, which he resigned for that of Low Leyton, in Essex. He lived to the age of rinety-four, and was incumbent of Low Leyton for sixty years. He was an accurate student of Church history and biography, and began, in 1694, with a folio of Memorials of Archbishop Cranmer. In 1698 appeared his Life of Sir Thomas Smith (ch. vii. § 24), and in 1701 his Life and Actions of John Aylmer, Bishop of London (ch. vii. § 32). Humphrey Prideaux was born in 1648, at Padstow, in TO A.D. 17col CHURCH. LAW. JOHN EVELYN 759 Cornwall; was educated at Westininster School and Christchurch, Oxford. In 1676 he wrote an account of the Arundel Marbles. Then he obtained the living of St. Clement's, Oxford, and in 1681 a prebend at Norwich. In 1697 he published a Life of Mahomet, and in 1702 was made Dean of Norwich. 11. Sir George Mackenzie, of Rosehaugh, who died in 1691, aged fifty-five, was a good friend to English writers of his time, and himself a good writer. He was born at Dundee, of a known family, in 1636, studied Civil Law at Bourges, in 1659 began life as an advocate, and next year published Aretine; or, The Serious Romance. Then he became justice depute, afterwards was knighted. In 1667 his Moral Gallantry established moral duties as the principles of honour. He was one of the men most active in establishing the Advocates' Library, founded at Edinburgh in 1682, and had a high literary and social repu. tation when he died, in the reign of William and Mary. 12. John Evelyn (ch. ix. § 18) was appointed one of the Commissioners of Greenwich Hospital when William III., after the death of Mary, actively carried out her wish to found a home for old sailors, and made this hospital, of which Evelyn became treasurer, the noblest monument to her memory. When the Czar Peter came to England, in 1698, he lived at Sayes Court, to be near the Deptford Dockyard. In 1699, John Evelyn succeeded to the paternal estate, by the death of his elder brother; and in May, 1700, he left Sayes Court for Wotton. Evelyn's famous garden at Sayes Court was described in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Among his numerous writings were "The French Gardiner: Instructing how to Cultivate all Sorts of Fruit Trees and Herbs for the Garden" (1658); "Fumifugium; or, the Aer and Smoak of London Dissipated” (1661); “ Sculptura; or, the History and Art of Chalcography and Engraving in Copper" (1662); “Kalendarium Hortense; or, the Gardiner's Almanac” (1664); "Sylva" (1664), a Treatise on Forest Trees, the first book printed for the Royal Society, and the book with which his name is most associated; "Terra" (1675), also printed for the Royal Society; "Navigation and Commerce: their History and Progress" (1672), this being an introduction to the History of the Dutch War, written at the request of Charles II.; Public Employment and an Active Life preferred to Solitude and all its Appanages (1667), an answer to one of Sir George Mackenzie's books, which was a "Moral Essay preterring Solitude to Public 66 Employment." Under William III., Evelyn produced, in 1690, a satire on the frippery of ladies, Mundus Muliebris; or, the Ladies' Dressing Room Unlock'd, and her Toilette Spread. In Burlesque. Together with the Fop Dictionary, Compil'd for the Use of the Fair Sex. In 1697, Evelyn published Numismata: a Discourse of Medals; with a digression concerning Physiognomy; and in 1699, Acetaria: a Discourse of Sallets. 13. John Ray was the chief botanist of the time. He was a blacksmith's son, born in 1628 at Black Notley, near Braintree, Essex. He was sent from Braintree School to Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship of Trinity; in 1651 was Greek Lecturer of his college, and afterwards Mathematical Reader. In 1660 he published a Latin Catalogue of Plants growing about Cambridge, and then made a botanical tour through Great Britain. His Latin Catalogue of the Plants of England and the Adjacent Isles first appeared in 1670. Ray took orders at the Restoration, but refused subscription, and resigned. In 1663 he spent three years with a pupil, Mr. F. Willoughby, on the Continent, and published an account of his travels in 1673, as Observations made in a Journey through Part of the Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France, with a Catalogue of Plants not Natives of England. Ray married, in 1673, a lady twenty-four years younger than himself; educated the children of his friend Mr. Willoughby, who had died in 1672; and finally, in 1679, he settled in his native place, and lived there till his death, in 1705. Among his chief books was A Collection of English Proverbs, with Short Annotations, first published in 1670; and in the reign of William III. he produced, in 1691, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Creation; in 1692, Miscellaneous Discourses concerning the Dissolution and Changes of the World; in 1693, Three Physico-Theological Discourses concerning Chaos, the Deluge, and the Dissolution of the World; and in 1700, A Persuasive to a Holy Life. Ray was one of Nature's naturalists-wise, modest, and unassuming -with the sense of God that comes of a full study and enjoyment of His works. The mathematical works of John Wallis --Opera Mathematica et Miscellanea-were published in three folios between 1693 and 1699. Wallis died in 1703, aged eightyeight. Ray's Physico-Theological Discourses belong to a course of scientific speculation on the Cosmos, which formed part of the new energy of scientific research, and received impulse in 1681 from the "Sacred Theory of the Earth" (Telluris Theoria |