with the least possible interference in the musical quality of the tones.

The articulating organs, too, must be drilled and trained until they act automatically. The drilling exercises of the physical organs, consciously gone through, again and again, have, we know, the beneficial effect of limbering and strengthening the exercised parts, but more important than strength and suppleness is the enlivening of the subconscious mind, on which the artist depends for quick execution.

The pronunciation of all the vowels is accomplished by a slight change in the funnel-shaped opening of the mouth and lips. Plate No. 17, Figs. A and B, illustrates a front and a profile view of the changes.

In distending the lips and the cheeks for the necessary changes, care should be taken

not to contract the soft palate, and the

tongue must remain motionless. The broad A, pronounced AH, is obtained by a broad but funnel shape of the lips.

O requires that the funnel be a little smaller but longer.

Original plate, showing in Fig. A the front view and in Fig. B the profile view of the changes in the funnel shape which the lips assume in the articulation of the vowels

For the pronunciation of E the mouth should be but slightly opened, but all the way from corner to corner, with the lips held near the teeth. A is pronounced by an adjustment of the lips about halfway between that which is required for the pronunciation of AH and that of E. The pronunciation of I is started on the same

adjustment, but slightly closer and immediately opening a little more.

The sound of the consonants B and P is obtained by a quick action of the lips on each other at the start of the enunciation. M is the opposite movement of the lips. C, D, N, T, and Z are pronounced by a slight touch of the tip of the tongue against the edge of the upper teeth.

F, G, H, J, K, Q, R, S, and V are pronounced by bringing the lower lip near the edge of the upper teeth, or by a simple movement of the inferior jaw. Some of these are hard to pronounce distinctly without moving the root of the tongue; but, with good training and intellectual effort to get a mental picture of the tones and the articulation of the words to take place in the resonance chamber, a distinct enunciation is obtained with very little commotion at the oral cavity.

The English TH necessitates bringing the lower lip near the edge of the upper teeth and pushing it out with the tip of the tongue. The syllables and words necessitate quick succession of these movements of the articulating organs. Example: The sound of the syllable AB requires the funnel shape of the lips, like the broad A, and instantly touching the two lips for the enunciation of the B. The syllable BA necessitates the same movements in the reversed order; and so on for all the syllables and all words composed of various letters necessitating compound articulation.

Plate No. 18 presents a list of letters, syllables, and words for the purpose of drilling the articulating organs. It is desirable that some of the exercises be executed with a mirror in front of the pupil, while moving the cheeks and the lips with rapidity. In all the motions

necessary for quick and distinct enunciation notice should be taken that the articulating organs can be moved independently of the true vocal organs, and it is useless to attempt the production of vocal tones without the coöperation of the vocal organs.

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, x, y, z, ab, ac, ad, af, ag, ah, al, am, an, ap, arc, abel, action, ba, be, bi, bo, bu, by, bah, bramas, brother, da, de, di, do, du, dy, dah, doll, dollar, fa, fe, fi, fo, foe, factotum, family, father, frank, gam, gander, garden, la, le, li, lo, lu, lah, less, light, lighthouse, ma, me, mi, mo, mu, my, mah, mamman, mother, monitor, member, na, ne, ni, no, nu, ny, never, ob, op, object, pa, po, pu, papa, pall, patriot, ra, re, ri, ro, ru, ry, rah, rather, ta, te, ti, to, tu, table, total.

PLATE NO. 18

Original plate, presenting a list of letters, syllables, and words on which the articulating organs should be drilled

It is through such futile efforts that stuttering takes place. It is easily corrected through the proper training of the vocal organs and then using the harmonious