through nervousness, a belligerent disposition, an intimate knowledge of public affairs, or vision?

Does this speech in your opinion preserve a proper balance between physical power and moral duty?

How did the Spanish War affect the foreign policy of the United States?

Was the new policy more democratic or less democratic than the old?

In what senses did the United States at the end of Spanish War become a world power?

Was Washington's advice against entangling alliances bad, was it outworn, or had it been misinterpreted?

Is Roosevelt truly democratic when he denies the right of self-government to Apaches and savage Philippinos?

Does Roosevelt in this speech recognize, in the words of Lincoln, a new birth of freedom"?

66

Is Roosevelt in this speech urging America to work for selfish ends, or is he advocating national altruism?

THE CALL TO ARMS

September 5, 1914

THE twenty-eighth of June, 1914, will probably be taken by historians as the beginning of the Great War. As a matter of fact the war was the inevitable outgrowth of a very insidious development that can be traced as far back as the downfall of Napoleon and the resulting diplomatic agreements of the Congress of Vienna.

As a consequence of secret conventions made at this conference, liberty and democracy found thereafter their haven in the freedom-loving lands of England and France, while autocracy and absolutism were nourished in Germany, Austria, and Russia. France developed a republican form of government, and her people like the people of England decided for themselves how they were to be ruled. In Germany, on the other hand, a Prussian military clique, under the leadership of the Kaiser, seized the reins of state and drove the people into a highly organized system of autocratic control.

The constitution of Germany, in contrast with that of the United States, was made by hereditary rulers and never was approved by vote of the people. Not even the Kaiser was accountable directly to his subjects, for he maintained that he ruled by Divine Right. The chief legislative body of the Empire was the Bundesrath, the members of which were appointed by the rulers of the various German states. As the Kaiser had twenty votes in this council of sixty-one

members, he was able both to control legislation and, with the use of but fourteen of his votes, to block changes in the constitution. The Reichstag, the popular assembly, was given very little political power and was utterly unable to secure for Germany democratic government. Constitutional or other radical reform could come only through revolution.

When in 1871 at the time of the Franco-Prussian war, the German army in eight months overran France and secured an indemnity of $1,000,000,000, and the two invaluable provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, the German rulers became war-mad and lost their desire to win greatness slowly through the arts of peace. They planned to found a great empire by means of the sword. Year after year they drilled, increased, and perfected their army until it became the most formidable in Europe. In 1900 they began to construct a powerful navy. So the power of the military authorities grew until it might be said that Germany was not a country that possessed an army; it was an army that possessed a country.

In a shameless way, moreover, the German people furthered the plan of their rulers for conquest and dominion. They submitted blindly to arbitrary authority. They planned to build in time a railway which was to extend from Berlin to Bagdad and was to be the artery of a greater German Empire that would in time add to Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey, and Persia, and India.

In 1914 the Kiel naval canal connecting the North Sea and the Baltic was completed. The Great Army bill of 1913 had brought the army to an unprecedented size, and it had been drilled until it was fit. All was ready. But little Servia was in the way. The Bagdad railway passed through her territories and she placed

a hostile barrier between Germany and her allies on the

east.

On June 28, 1914, a son of the Emperor of Austria was murdered by a Serb in Sarajevo. Austria seemed to be convinced that Servia had planned the assassination because of her objection to Austria's control of Bosnia and other Serb provinces. On July 23, 1914, Austria sent Servia an insulting ultimatum. Servia, however, granted all that was asked excepting permission for Austrian officials to sit in Servian courts. Austria, nevertheless, refused to accept this answer and on July 28, 1914, declared war on Servia. On August 1, Germany, which had already begun gathering her troops, declared war on Russia, giving as her reason the statement that the latter nation was beginning to mobilize.

War with France was the inevitable outcome. German military leaders knew that the theater of war would be west of the Rhine and prepared to carry out their plans for attacking France through Belgium, the neutrality of which had been guaranteed by the treaties of 1839 and 1870, in which France, Prussia, and Great Britain were parties. When Germany in spite of all pledges crossed the border and violated the neutrality of Belgium, Great Britain declared war on Germany, and on August I with her army of 150,000 began to help preserve the sovereignty of the little country. The heroic and unexpected resistance on the part of the Belgians delayed the Germans in their march to Paris, and it was August 24 before the frontiers of France were sighted. In September came the great battle of the Marne in which the French under Marshal Joffre disastrously drove back the Germans and saved the world for democracy. Defeated in their initial sur

prise attack, Germany resorted to trench warfare and defensive tactics.

Germany's invasion of Belgium aroused every man and woman in England. On August 28, 1914, Premier Asquith addressed a note to the Lord Mayor of London, the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, and the Lord Mayor of Cardiff, in which he advocated the holding of public meetings to make plain the justice of England's cause. The response was most enthusiastic. The offer of Mr. Asquith to assist this movement by addressing such meetings was accepted by the heads of the four cities, and in September the Prime Minister delivered four memorable addresses summoning Great Britain to arms. Thousands of people were turned away from the great Guildhall in the city of London on the evening of September 5, 1914, when the address known as The Call to Arms was delivered. Through the throng that heard him, he spoke to the people not only of Engand but of the whole British Empire, calling them to rise as one to save Europe by their example. The patriotic ardor with which the address was received was truly prophetic of the zeal and unanimity of the military response.

THE CALL TO ARMS

H. H. ASQUITH

MY LORD MAYOR AND CITIZENS OF LONDON: It is three and a half years since I last had the honor of addressing in this hall a gathering of the citizens. We were then met under the presidency of one of your predecessors, men of all creeds and parties, to celebrate and approve the joint declaration of the two great English-speaking states