tivae ecclesiae solum modo sequentes ritum et consuetudinem1. At Culross he found St. Serf' virum devotum, mansuetum, et pium quem, ejus exigentibus meritis, catholicum juxta Romanae Ecclesiae morem rite ordinavit episcopum, et in eadem fide divinitus informavit,' &c.2 Passing on through Scotland, ecclesias consecravit, vestimentis sacerdotalibus modum imposuit, et ab eisdem horas canonicas dicendas, prout ecclesia instituebat Romana, sollenniter jussit.' The use of the old Scottish Liturgy at York has been already alluded to*.

1 Brev. Aberd. July vi, fol. xxiv.

Ib. fol. xxv. Lect. v.

Ib. Lect.vi. It is doubtful whether Palladius ever visited Scotland (Skene, W. F., Celtic Scotland, ii. 27), but documents like the Aberdeen Breviary, even where historically valueless, preserve allusions or indications of otherwise unknown or forgotten circumstances. This is true generally of the Acta Sanctorum,' and of some of the Lections in the present Roman Breviary.

CHAPTER IL

CELTIC RITUAL.

§ 1. Material, Structure, and Arrangement of Churches.—§ 2. Titles of the Liturgy.-3. Multiplicity of Collects. - § 4. The Lord's Prayer.— § 5. Lections.—§ 6. Sermon. — § 7. Proper Prefaces. — § 8. Benediction. - 9. The Pax. 10. Prayer for the Dead. § 11. Consecration Prayer.- 12. Communion Anthems. -§ 13. Benedicite.- § 14. Position of the Priest.—§ 15. Vestments. 16. Use of Colours.- § 17. Choral Service. § 18. Incense. - § 19. Joint Consecration. - § 20. Oblations and Offertory.—§ 21. Unleavened Bread. - § 22. Mixed Chalice, - § 23. Communion in both kinds. - § 24. Communion of Infants. § 25. Women to be Veiled. - § 26. Reservation.- § 27. Eulogiae. — § 28. Frequency of Celebration. - § 29. Hour of Celebration. — § 30. Duplicating.§ 31. Paten and Chalice. - § 32. Fan, Knife. § 33. Sign of the Cross. - § 34. Fasting. - § 35. Confession.

CHAPTER II.

CELTIC RITUAL.

It is proposed in this chapter to lay before the reader such information as can be gathered both directly and incidentally about the structure and decoration of Celtic churches, the dress and ornaments of the clergy, and the ritual of the service performed by them. The sources from which such information is forthcoming have been generally summed up in the Preface, and will be more particularly specified in foot-notes.

§ 1. CHURCHES. Of Earth. - Celtic churches were occasionally and at a very early date constructed of earth. In Tirechan's Annotations on the Life of St. Patrick it is stated, that 'when Patrick went to the place which is called Foirrgea of the sons of Awley, to divide it among the sons of Awley, he built there a quadrangular church of earth, because wood was not near at hand1.'

Of Wood.-Where however wood could be obtained it was generally employed, so much so, that the custom of the Irish to use wood for building obtained for it in the middle ages the title of 'mos Scottorum,'' opus Scoticum,' the Scottish style.'

The church of St. Derbhfraich, near Clogher, in Tyrone (fifth century), was a wooden structure2. So was that of St. Ciaran of Saighir, in the same century3.

In the sixth century St. Monenna 'founded a monastery, which was made of smooth planks according to the fashion

1 Book of Armagh, fol. 14 b 2.

2 Félire of Oengus, April 4, pp. 458, lxxiii. • Colgan, Acta SS. p. 458.

of the Scottish nation, who were not accustomed to erect stone walls or to get them erected'.' St. Columba's church at Derry was built of timber and wattling 2.

In the seventh century St. Kevin (Coemgen) built his oratory of rods of woods; St. Gobban, a famous builder, constructed a wooden church for St. Mulling. It is told of St. Mochaoi, abbot of Nendrum, that on one occasion he went with sevenscore young men to cut wattles to make his church 5.

In the ninth century the Annals of Ulster record a hurricane which occurred on the festival of St. Martin, and which prostrated a great many trees in the woods, and carried the churches (DIURTHEACHS) from their places.

In the twelfth century the custom of building churches of wood was still continued in Ireland, as appears from St. Bernard's notice of a church built by Malachy Archbishop of Armagh".

The same custom prevailed in other portions of the Celtic Church. In Scotland St. Ninian's church among the Southern Picts, at the end of the fourth or beginning of the fifth century obtained its name of Candida Casa from the very unusual circumstance that it was built of stone, the use of which material for building purposes was not customary at that date 8.

''Ecclesia in monasterio sanctae Monennae cum supradicta abbatissa construitur tabulis dedolatis, juxta morem Scotticarum gentium, eo quod macerias Scotti non solent facere nec factas habere.' Conchubran's Life of St. Monenna, a twelfth-century compilation, quoted from Cod. Cotton. Cleop. A. 2 by Dr. Reeves in his edition of Adamnan, p. 178. note e.

Leabhar Breac, p. 32 a.

Bolland, Acta SS. June i. p. 316.

* Quidam famosissimus in omni arte lignorum et lapidum erat in Hibernia nomine Gobbanus, cujus artis fama usque in finem saeculi erit in ea.' Colgan, Acta SS. p. 619.

* Martyrology of Donegal, p. 177.

• Annals of Ulster, A.D. 891.

''Porro oratorium intra paucos dies consummatum est de lignis quidem levigatis, sed apte firmiterque contextum, opus Scoticum pulchrum satis.' S. Bernardi, Vita S. Malachiae, c. vi. § 14.

'Eo quod ibi ecclesiam de lapide, insolito Brittonibus more fecerit.' Bede, H. E. iii. 4.