I may presume further to certify partly by observing the habitation of these lands, and partly by conferring with some of knowledge among them, that upon occasion, there may be found in those lands at least 8,000 men of British birth and descent, to do his Majesty service for defence thereof, though the fourth part of the land is not fully inhabited.

Secondly, it appears by the particulars, that there are now built within the counties of Armagh, Tyrone, Donegal, Fermanagh, Cavan and London-Derry, 107 castles with bawns, 19 castles without bawns, 42 bawns without castles or houses, 1,897 dwelling houses of stone and timber, after the English manner in townreeds (townships), besides very many such houses in several parts which I saw not; and yet there is great want of buildings upon these lands, both for townreeds, and otherwise; and I may say, that the abode and continuance of those inhabitants upon the lands is not yet made certain, although I have seen the deeds made unto them. My reason is, that many of the English tenants do not yet plough upon the lands, neither use husbandry; because, I conceive they are fearful to stock themselves with cattle or servants for those labours. Neither do the Irish use tillage; for that they are also uncertain of their stay upon the lands; so that by this means, the Irish ploughing nothing, do use grazing, the English very little, and were it not for the Scottish tenants, which do plough in many places of the country, those parts may starve; by reason whereof the British, who are forced to take their lands at great rates, do lie at the greater rents, paid unto them by the Irish tenants, who do graze their land; and if the Irish be put away with their cattle, the British must either forsake their dwellings, or endure great distress on the sudden. Yet the cohabitation of the Irish is dangerous to them, by robbing them, and otherwise. I observe the greatest number of Irish do dwell upon the lands granted to the City of London; which happeneth as I take it, two ways. First, there are 5 of the proportions assigned to the several Companies, which are not yet estated to any man, but are in the hands of agents, who finding the Irish more profitable than the British tenants, are unwilling to draw on the British, persuading the Company, that the lands are mountainous and unprofitable, not regarding the future security of the whole. Secondly, the other 7 of the proportions are leased to several persons for 61 years, and the lessees do affirm, that they are not bound to plant English, but many plant with what people they please; neither is the City of London bound to do it by their patents from his Majesty, as they say; and by these two actions, the British that now are there, who have many of them built houses at their own charges, have no estates made unto them; which is such discouragement unto them, as they are minded to depart the land, and without better

settlement will seek elsewhere, wherein it is very fit, the City have direction to take a present course, that they may receive their assurances; and this being the inconveniency which in this survey I have observed, further than what was set down formerly by Sir Josias Bodley's last survey (1615), I have thought good to make the same known to your Lordships, submitting the further consideration thereof to your Lordships' deep judgement.

NICHOLAS PYNNAR.

(12) The Plantations in 1641. [The Lords Justices and Council of Ireland to Secretary Vane (24 April, 1641). Cal. S.P. Ireland, PP. 277-8.]

In that strictness of duty wherein we stand bound as servants and councillors to his Majesty, we humbly presume, with all confidence, to say that the plantations here prudently begun by Queen Elizabeth, and piously proceeded in by his Majesty's most blessed father, as by the blessing of God they have prospered well, to the great advantage of the Crown and benefit of the inhabitants planted, so they have been the very original and preservation of the peace and happiness which of late years this Kingdom has enjoyed. That by them several English towns, castles, houses of strength, and churches have been built in many remote and desolate parts of the Kingdom, more societies of Protestants settled than are in all the Kingdom besides, religion, civility, schools, manufacture and trades in a good measure for the time introduced; a clergy well enabled by glebes of his Majesty's bounty and otherwise, and the lands by habitation generally raised to values far above former times. That in the plantations great parts of the lands have been so assured to the British by provisoes in the grants, and otherwise, as they must for ever remain English, and cannot in point of interest come into the hands of the Irish, which adds much to the strength of the Government and service of the Crown. That by them the great Irish lords, who for so many ages so grievously infested this Kingdom, are either taken away or so levelled with others in point of subjection as all now submit to the rule of the law, and many of them live in good order. That the plantations have been made only in the Irish territories, where those sometimes unruly chieftains formerly governed, and where the Irish, by advantage of the times, prevailed by incursion and in a manner continuous rebellions, for long time, to expel the English, first planted, though now many of them are changed into a civil course of life.

The plantations have given an occasion for drawing men's scattered estates together, and titles and boundaries are fixed and confirmed. The country is now full of persons of quality of British birth and of civilly educated Irish, who are even sheriffs,

justices of the peace, etc. There was no way to reduce this Kingdom to the English laws and obedience of the Crown, and to free England of the perpetual charge thereof, but only a full conquest or a politic reformation by plantations, as is affirmed in a resolution taken in the reign of King Henry the Eighth by the then Lord Deputy and Council, who all, except the Deputy, were born here, and of the ancient English descent, well affected, as still they are, who best understood the nature and quality of the country and people.

Plantations have certainly kept the peace and encouraged the Protestant religion. Thus the County Monaghan was, in Queen Elizabeth's reign, regranted, after a title had been found, to the old owners, in the same disordered manner as they formerly held. Soon after they went into rebellion, and to this day the county is the most barbarous, poor, and despicable in the Kingdom, the Earl of Essex's lands excepted, where several English dwell, and except the Lord Blayney and his family. We think the policy of plantation should be applied to the lands recently found for the King in Munster.

LXVIII. THE SCOTTISH COLONISATION OF ANTRIM AND DOWN

(1) An Act against Scottish Immigration. [“ An Act against bringing in of Scots, retaining of them, and marrying with them." 3 & 4 Philip and Mary, c. 15. Irish Statutes (1786), I. 274.]

Forasmuch as divers rebels, and other naughty and evil dis posed persons of the Irishry within the Realm of Ireland, have oftentimes heretofore brought into this Realm of Ireland, Scots, and other strangers, being men of war, and have given them wages, "bonaght," and other entertainments within this Realm, to support, aid, and maintain them in the times of their rebellion and otherwise, so as by the reason thereof Scots have of late inhabited in the north parts of this Realm in several places, and have out thereof expelled the very inheritors of the same; a hindrance and great let, of the King's and Queen's Majesties' affairs within this their Realm and also the Scots aforesaid for their better maintenance to remain and abide within this Realm, have and do daily ally themselves by marriages with divers of the Irishry in those parts, and thereby have divers times procured war and great trouble in those parts be it therefore enacted, ordained, and established by our sovereign lord and lady the King's and Queen's Majesties, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commons of this present

1 L. and P., Hen. VIII, XIX. (i.), No. 79.

Parliament assembled, and by authority of the same, that if any person or persons at any time hereafter do procure the coming of Scots, being men of war, into this Realm, or do bring into this Realm Scots, being men of war, or do hereafter at any time give any Scot or Scots, being within this Realm, and men of war, any wages, bonaghts, "forryn," or any other entertainment or hire for service in war, that then every such offence and offences shall be deemed and adjudged high treason.

I

And be it further enacted by the said authority, that if any person or persons, born within this Realm of Ireland, do hereafter, without having the Lord Deputy of this Realm's licence, sealed with the Great Seal of this Realm, contract matrimony or marry with any Scottish man, woman or maiden, that then every such offence or offences shall be deemed and adjudged felony.

Provided alway, that this Act, nor anything therein contained, shall not extend or be prejudicial or hurtful to any person or persons bringing any Scottish merchants or Scottish mariners into this Realm with merchandise, or for bargaining with the Scottish merchants or Scottish mariners in way of merchandise.

Provided also, that this Act, nor any thing therein contained, shall not extend to any Scot made or to be made denizen.2

(2) Royal Grants to the MacDonnells. [Grant of part of the Route to Sorley Boy MacDonnell (18 June, 1586). Cal. Carew MSS., II. 427-8.]

Indenture between Sir John Perrot, Lord General of Ireland, and the Council there, and Sorley MacDonnell.

The latter acknowledges his bearing of arms and stirring of rebellion against the Queen, and his forcible and wrongful possession of her castles and territories in the Route. Prostrate at the feet of the Lord Deputy, he renounces all his pretended rights to the Castle of Dunluce and all other the said castles and territories, and prays for pardon, and to be made a free denizen, as also for some portion of the Route.

The Lord Deputy and Council grant him free pardon and protection, and letters patent of denization. He shall have by letters patent, in tail male, the " toughe" 3 or territory extending from the Bush to the Bann, and the three "toughes" of Dunseverick, Loughguile, and "Toughe" Ballymoney, with all the lands of the MacQuillins 4 and the Constableship or key-keeping

Foreign, i.e. expenses other than personal.

This Act was repealed in 1612 by the 11, 12 & 13 James I, c. 6.

"Forasmuch

as the cause of the making of the said Act is utterly taken away by the happy uniting of the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland under one Imperial Crown.”—Irish Statutes, I. 443.

3 Ir., tuath, district.

4 See p. 265 n. 2.

of the Castle of Dunluce by the delivery of Mr. Stafford. To hold of the Queen by the services of homage, fealty and two knight's fees, and on condition of keeping certain articles, viz. :— (1) Neither he nor his followers to serve any foreign prince or any other person within Ireland against her Majesty.

(2) No Scots under him, whom he may command, to disquiet the peace of this Realm, or serve against her Majesty in this Realm, except when there is war between England and Scotland.

(3) Not to retain any Scots above 30 other than be natives of Ireland, and to deliver a book of their names to the Marshal of the Queen's garrisons in Ireland.

(4) To serve her Majesty with a "rising-out" of 80 footmen). in Ulster, at his and their own charges.

(5) He and his tenants are not to meddle with their borderers in Ulster.

(6) To pay a yearly rent of 60 good and fat beeves at Carrickfergus, between Lammas and Hallow tide.

(7) To serve [against all] that shall invade this Realm, except against the Scots when war is proclaimed between England and Scotland.

(8) Not to alien or convey away his lands.

(9) To yearly preserve and give to her Majesty one eyrie of the best hawks, either goshawks or falcons.

(10) He shall behave dutifully to her Majesty for the said lands, except in time of war between England and Scotland.

[Grant from the King to Sir Randal MacDonnell (28 May, 1603). Cal. Pat. Rolls Irel., Jas. I, p. 3. xiii.]

All and singular lordships, manors, territories, castles, buildings, lands, rents, reversions, services, woods, mountains, water-courses, mills, courtsleet, fairs, etc., with all their rights, members, liberties and appurtenances within the several territories and countries of the Route and the Glynnes as well spiritual as temporal; in which country of the Route are contained 9 territories, otherwise called "Toughes" and 7 in the Glynnes, which were all long in the tenure of his predecessors, and were then in his own; except the late dissolved monastery or abbey of Coleraine, 3 parts in 4 of the fishing of the River Bann, the Castle of Olderfleete (Larne) with all its appurtenances, all lands belonging to the Sees of Down and Connor, and the right, title and interest of all free tenants, who have any estate or interest in the premises— To hold the Castle of Dunluce situate in the Route during pleasure ;

I See p. 328.

2 The terms of the agreement with Sorley Boy are not given in full in the Calendar, but the Editor states that they were "similar" to those granted to Angus MacDonnell (16 May, 1586), which are here quoted.