(17) Shall, may, can, and will (auxiliary) have no corresponding infinitives or participles. (18) The same peculiarity belongs to must and ought, which have, perhaps, nearly equal claims with may and can to be recognised as auxiliaries. (19) Will, employed, not as an auxiliary to indicate the futurity of what is asserted in a proposition, but in its original sense, to express determination, volition, &c., has both infinitive and participles, and, as we have already observed, generally the same terminations, at least in the third person indefinite, as other verbs. (20) It is peculiar to all these verbs (except will, not auxiliary) that they require, to complete them, the verbal nouns commonly called infinitives. As now used, they express no distinct predicate; or rather, perhaps, language affords us no means of expressing the predicate which they serve to assert; since, in their case, the verbal noun, which expresses the simple predicate without assertion, is wanting, as well as the infinitive and verbal adjectives. (21) We have no such verbal nouns as shalling, maying, canning, musting, &c., no more than we have to shall, to may, &c. (22) We have willing and to will, but in the proper original sense of the verb, not in its auxiliary sense. (23) In this respect they differ from the other auxiliaries to be, to do, to have, for these serve not only as auxiliaries, but also to express the independent predicates, being, doing, having. (24) The modifica tions of verbal meaning expressed by these words, will, shall, &c., are, in many languages, indicated by a modification of the form of the verb. (25) For this reason, and because they contain no expressible predicate, without the addition of an infinitive to complete them, the combinations formed by connecting these verbs with the infinitives of other verbs are commonly recognised as COMPOUND TENSES of the verbs to which the complementary infinitives belong. We shall exhibit these compound tenses afterwards in their proper place. § 39. (1) We next come to treat of the compound tenses. (2) The learner will take notice that we here pass from one to another of those general classes of modifications of the subject [(17) What is said of shall, will, auxiliary, &c., in reference to infinitives and participles? (18) Repeat the remark in reference to must and ought. (19) Repeat the remark in reference to will in its original use. (20) Repeat what is stated to be peculiar to all these verbs. (21) Are there verbal nouns and verbal adjectives or participles corresponding to these, as to the other verbs? (22) In what sense are willing and to will used? (23) What is said of the auxiliaries to be, to do, to have, in reference to this matter? (24) Repeat the remark in regard to other languages. (25) Repeat what is said of these verbs in relation to the formation of compound tenses.] § 39. (1) What subject comes next to be treated? (2) Give a statement of the fact which the student is requested to notice. noun and the verb mentioned in § 18; namely, from those which are effected by some change of the form of the subject noun or the verb, to those which are effected by the employment of distinet modifying words. (3) It may here be remarked that though the compound tenses about to be presented are classed as tenses or forms of the several verbs whose infinitives and participles are combined with the auxiliaries to form these compounds, and though logically considered, they may be regarded as modifications of the meanings of these verbs, yet, as regards their grammatical form, they are all really modifications of the auxiliaries which enter into these combinations. (4) The auxiliary is in all cases the real verb-the word which possesses the assertive force, and the infinitive or participle of the verb under which the grammarians arrange these forms, and to which they refer them in analysis, is, grammatically considered, a complement of the auxiliaries. (5) These complements or modifications of the auxiliaries, which with them form compound tenses, are of three distinct kinds; namely: I. (6) The infinitive belonging to the particular verb to which the compound tense is referred by those who allow them to rank as distinct tenses. This is employed with the auxiliaries, do, will, shall, may, can, would, should, could. We might add, if we please, must and dare and ought. (7) With all these, except ought, the form of the infinitive, which consists of the bare root of the verb without the particle to, is combined to form the compound tenses. For example, I do call, I will call, &c. II. (8) The second form of these modifications of the auxiliaries consists of a participle employed to complete the predicate expressed by the auxiliary. (9) This form is employed with the verb to be. (10) Both the imperfect and the perfect participles of [(3) Repeat the observation in reference to the compound tenses. (4) Which part of the compound expression is really the verb?] (5) How many distinct kinds of these complements or modifications of the auxiliary are enumerated? (6) Mention the first kind, and name the auxiliaries with which it is used. (7) What form of the infinitive is employed with these auxiliaries respectively? (S) Mention the second form of these modifications employed with auxiliaries. (9) Neme the auxiliary with which this form is employed. (10) Which participles are employed with the verb to be? verbs are united with the several tenses of this verb for purposes to be explained hereafter. (11) Example, The man is calling. Here being, the predicate asserted by is, is completed by the imperfect participle (or rather the verbal noun) calling; what is asserted of the man is being calling. (a) As a second example we take the man is called. Here the perfect participle is used, and the predicate asserted is being called. III. (12) The third form of modification or complement is that employed with the verb have. This is the perfect participle, the same as with the verb to be, but employed in a peculiar manner, which we shall describe when we come to the compound tenses formed by the help of the verb to have. § 40. COMPOUND TENSE FORMED WITH SHALL AND WILL.We shall first present the compound form employed to express an assertion that has reference simply to the future—to a time to come. (1) This is called the FUTURE TENSE. It is formed by the combination of the auxiliary shall, or the auxiliary will with the verbal noun commonly called the infinitive: For example, I shall write, I will write. (2) The verbal in this tense is never preceded by the particle to. (3) REMARK.-The name auxiliary is given to shall, will, do, &c., because they help in forming the compound tenses. The conjugation or arrangement of the singular and plural persons of the future tense of the verb to write is exhibited below in columns No. I. and No. II. (4) We employ No. I. when we refer chiefly or exclusively "to futurity of event;" (5) and No. II. when the speaker intends to indicate his (a) We think that it is the verbal noun in ING, not the imperfect participle, which is found in the compound tenses. See Structure of Language, § 64. (11) Give examples and illustration. (12) State what is said of the third form of modification, and the auxiliary with which it is employed. $ 40. (1) How is the future tense formed? Give example. (2) Repeat the remark in reference to the verbal used in forming this tense. (3) Repeat the remark on the name auxiliary. (4) When is the form in column No. I. employed? (5) When the form in column No. IL? (6) Repeat the illustration. determination in reference to a future event. (6) If he speaks of himself, his determination to do or to be what is expressed by the predicate of the proposition, if of himself and associates, using the first person plural, his and their joint determination. If he speaks of those whom he addresses, or of third parties, his determination that they (the party addressed or a third party) shall do or be whatever is expressed by the verb. (7) FUTURE TENSE OF THE VERB to Write. EXERCISES I., II., &c.—Form propositions having verbs of the future tense, and modified as in the preceding exercises by any word necessary to complete the sense. These exercises may be multiplied at pleasure. Especial attention should be given to the distinction between the forms made with shall and those made with will. Questions should be asked from time to time in reference to the subjects and predicates of the propositions presented, that what has been taught in reference to propositions may be fixed in the memory of the pupils. (8) Originally these combinations of infinitives with shall and will did not directly express futurity. (9) Shall, in its original use, expressed some kind of necessity arising from duty, obligation, or external compulsion, and will, determination, intention, purpose, choice, volition, &c. (10) I shall write, implied, originally, I am under some necessity to write. (11) From this it would naturally be inferred that I am about to write at some future time. (12) I will write, properly expresses (or, at least, once expressed) in a direct manner that I determine or purpose, or have a will to write. (7) Repeat separately the two forms of the future tense. [(8) Did these combinations of infinitives with shall and will originally express futurity directly? (9) What did shall and will originally express? (10) Give example of shall. (11) What would naturally be inferred from this expression? (12) What does will directly (13) From this, in like manner, it may be inferred that I am about to write. (14) The reference to the future now implied-perhaps now directly suggested by these forms, must in the beginning have been an inference of the understanding, the result of an act of reasoning, not of the simple apprehension of the direct signification of the terms. (15) The original force of shall and will is in a great measure disguised, since, in the vicissitudes of language, they have come to be so generally used to indicate future time. (16) Still, they retain so much of their original force, that the one cannot be employed for the other without impropriety-without a violation of the idiomatic usage of the language. (17) Those who have been brought up in England, or New England, or any colony of pure English descent, seldom employ these two words improperly. (18) On the contrary, it is very difficult even for the educated natives of Scotland and Ireland, and of many parts of the United States, to avoid inaccuracies in the use of these words, because, in the conversation of the uneducated classes-familiar to their ears from early infancythe proper distinction is not observed. The same difficulty is felt by all foreigners in the use of shall and will. (19) The rule commonly given for the employment of shall and will, is, that when future time alone is intended to be indicated, shall is employed with the first persons singular and plural, and will with the second and third persons singular and plural. (20) On the contrary, will, used with a subject of the first person singular or plural, indicates a promise or a threat, together with a reference to the future; and shall, used with the second and third persons, indicates a threat-some species of compulsion. (b) (21) In other words, a speaker indicates future action, &c., on (b) This rule has been expressed in the following doggerel lines: In the first person simply shall foretells; In will a threat, or else a promise dwells; Shall, in the second, and the third, does threat; express? (13) What may be naturally inferred from this expression? (14) What is remarked of the reference to the future now implied or suggested by these forms? (15) What is remarked of the original force of shall and will? (16) What proof is given that they still retain part of their original force? (17) What is said of the natives of England, New England, &c., in reference to the correct usage of shall and will? (18) What of the natives of Scotland, Ireland, and many parts of the United States? (19) What is the rule for the employment of shall and will, when future time alone is intended to be indicated? (20) What does will used with a subject of the 1st person indicate? And what shall used with subjects of the 2d and 3d persons? in another form and more at length. (21) State the rule |