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nite tense merits the chief attention. The second persons singular of either tense come rarely into use.

§ 35. (1) We may here notice the formation of the two verbal adjectives, commonly called participles, which, we shall presently find, are employed in forming some of the compound tenses. (2) One of these verbals ends in ing In the usage of the language at the present day (and for several centuries past), it always corresponds exactly in form with the verbal substantive in ing, already considered. (3) It is formed by adding ing to the root of the verb; as, from call is formed callING. (4) When the verb, in the written language, ends in e mute, the e is rejected; as, for example, from move, rejecting e, is formed moving. (5) When an i precedes the e mute, the i is changed into y, the e rejected, and ing added; as, for example, die, dyıno; lie, lyING.(a)

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(6) This form is most commonly called the present-but by some more properly the IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE. (7) It expresses the action of the verb in an imperfect, unfinished, or progressive condition, not assertively, like the verb properly so called, but attributively; that is, in the form suited to be employed as an attribute of a noun, or as the complement of a predicate. (8) By the fact that it always performs attributive functions, it is readily distinguished from the verbal noun in ING, which is always employed to perform some function of a substantive.

(9) The second verbal adjective, or participle in verbs of the modern conjugation corresponds in form with the past tense-that is, it always ends in ed, except in a few cases of contraction. (10) For example, call has for its past tense called, and for verbal adjective also called; as, “There was a certain man in Cæsarea CALLED Cornelius, a Centurion of the band CALLED Italian." (11) In the verbs of the ancient conjugation this participle has

(a) When a word of one syllable, or a word of more than one syllable accented on the last syllable, ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, we double the final consonant in forming the imperfect participle; as, get, getting; stop, stopping; beset, besetting; compel, compelling, &c. The object of so writing this, and other formations from words ending in like manner, is to indicate that the short sound of the last syllable of the root is to be retained in the word when the inflexion is added. If we wrote stoping it might appear that we intended the o to be sounded

§ 35. [(1) What is said of verbal adjectives, or participles? (2) What is said of the form of the first of these verbal adjectives? (8) How is this verbal formed? (4) How formed when the verb ends in e mute? (5) How when an i precedes the e mute?

(6) What is this form called? (7) In what condition and in what manner does it express the action of the verb? (8) How may it be distinguished from the verbal noun ? (9) What is said of the second verbal adjective? (10) Give example. (11) What is said

generally a form peculiar to itself-distinct from the past tense form. (12) In the most remote times it seems to have been formed by adding the termination en sometimes to the root, sometimes to the past tense form. (13) Many of these participles in en still remain in the language, others have gradually become obsolete. (14) As examples of participles in en we may menti n broken, eaten, forgotten, laden, risen, written, &c. (15) The form of this participle, as well as the form of the past tense in the verbs of the ancient conjugation, is so various that the learner must in all doubtful cases be referred to the table of this class of verbs at the end of this chapter, in which we shall give the participle as well as the past tense of each verb. (16) This verbal is appropriately called the perfect participle, as it expresses the action of the verb in a completed or perfect (perfected) condition. Like the other participle, it is always employed attributively.

§ 36. OF MODES. (1) Hitherto our attention has been directed exclusively to one species of propositions-those employed to assert or declare directly what is predicated as matter of fact of the subject. (2) These may (to distinguish them) be called declarative or indicative propositions; and if we had a form of the verb used exclusively, or chiefly to express propositions of this kind, it might be called the declarative or indicative mode. (3) In some languages a particular form of the verb is employed chiefly for the purpose of expressing assertions as matter of fact, and this form is in such languages distinguished by the name of the indicative or declarative mode.

(4) Again, a proposition may be employed, not for the purpose of directly declaring the assertion as matter of fact, but for the

long, as in no, instead of short, as in not. This, as well as the remark about verbs ending in e mute, applies only to the written, not to the spoken language. As regards the spoken language, the sound of ing is added to every verb root (without exception) to form the imperfect participle.

of the form of this participle in verbs of the ancient conjugation? (12) How does it seem to have been formed in the most remote times? (18) Do forms ending in en still remain in the language? (14) Give examples. (15) Repeat the remark about the way of ascertaining the form of these participles in verbs of the ancient conjugation. (16) What name is given to this participle, and how is it employed?]

§ 36. (1) To what species of propositions has our attention been hitherto directed? (2) What may these be called, and what the form of verbs used chiefly to express them? (8) Is there a form in some languages used chiefly in such propositions?

(4) Describe another purpose for which a proposition may be employed. (5) Have

purpose of expressing some condition on which an assertion made in another proposition depends; or for the purpose of modifying in some way a proposition to which it is attached or subjoined. (5) Some languages have a form of their verbs employed for this special purpose, which is called, from the nature of its function, the subjunctive mode, that is, the mode used in a subjoined proposition. (6) For example: You will not act in that manner, if you think on the consequences. (7) The first proposition here is declarative, but the assertion made in it depends upon a condition expressed in the subjoined proposition. (8) I sent the messenger that he might inform you of your danger. Here the proposition, I sent the messenger, is modified or completed by the subjoined proposition-he might inform you, &c. (9) In languages which have a subjunctive form of the verb, this form is employed in such subjoined propositions.

(10) REMARK. We include both the declarative and the subjoined propositions under the class of assertive propositions, though a subjoined proposition very often makes no direct assertion. (11) It is always, however, of the same form, and if we.remove the connecting word (which is what in our language, with a few exceptions, alone indicates that the proposition is used for the purpose of expressing a condition or a modification), the proposition at once becomes declarative. (12) Remove the words if and that from the subjoined propositions in the above examples, and they become at once declarative assertions.

(13) Another way or mode in which a proposition may be used, is to express a command, request, entreaty, &c. (14) A form of the verb used exclusively in such propositions, is called the imperative or commanding mode. (15) It will be remembered

some languages a form of the verb to be used in such propositions? What is this form called? (6) Give example. (7) Repeat the explanation. (8) Give second example, and repeat explanation. (9) What mode of the verb is employed in such subjoined propositions?

[(10) Repeat the remark in regard to the manner in which we have classed declarative and subjoined or complementary propositions. (11) Do these two kinds of propositions agree in form? (12) Give the illustration.]

(13) Describe another mode of employing propositions. (14) What is the form of verbs employed in such propositions called? (15) Repeat the remark.

that we recognised propositions of this kind as a distinct class under the name of imperative propositions.

We recognised also another class of propositions-interrogative propositions—the form employed in asking questions. (16) This may be considered as another mode of the proposition. (17) There is no form of the verb in any language, which we know, employed exclusively for this purpose. (18) In our language the interrogative proposition is often distinguished by a peculiar mode of arrangement-by placing the subject noun after the verb. (19) For example, we say assertively or declaratively, John has a book; and interrogatively, Has John a book? (29) This we may call, if we please, a mode.

(21) The negative proposition (that is, the proposition which asserts that a predicate does not apply to a certain subject) is attended in our language sometimes with peculiarites which do not belong to affirmative propositions, such as we have hitherto adduced as examples. (22) This again might be called a mode of propositions, though the verb has no form intended exclusively to serve this purpose.

§ 37. OF THE MODES OF ENGLISH VERBS.-The observations already made will help the learner to comprehend what is meant by the modes of verbs. We are next to examine to what extent this modification of verbs exists in the English language.

(1) Most grammarians recognise in our language a present subjunctive distinct from the present (or what we call the indefinite tense) indicative, or declarative. (2) This subjunctive indefinite differs from the declarative indefinite only in suppressing the terminations st and s in the second and third persons singular, and using the simple unmodified root for all the persons singular and plural. (3) For example, "Though He SLAY me yet will F trust in Him." Here the verb "slay" is employed without the usual modification (eth or s) of the third person used declaratively.

[(16) What is said of the interrogative proposition? (17) Have verbs an interrogative form? (18) How is interrogation or questioning generally indicated in our language? (19), Give example. (20) What may this inverted arrangement be called?

(21) What is said of negative propositions? (22) What might the negative form of expression be called?]

$37. (1) What mode do most grammarians recognise in our language? (2) In what does this subjunctive indefinite differ from the declarative indefinite? (3) Give the example, and explanation.

"Though He slay me," is only a conditional proposition, expressing not a fact, but a supposition, and serves to complete the other proposition, “yet will I trust in Him." (4) The unmodified root be, is used for all the persons singular and plural of the indefinite subjunctive of the verb to be, instead of the variety of forms employed for these persons in the declarative mode.

(5) In expressing commands, &c., we employ the root of the verb without any modification. (6) This is called the imperative mode. We have only one person, the second singu lar and plural (in common use) in this mode, since we generally command or entreat only those to whom our discourse is addressed; and we have no variation for tense. (7) In the imperative form of a proposition we generally omit the subject noun since this subject noun is always the pronoun you, and the party to whom we address the command, &c., is sufficiently indicated by circumstances, independent of articulate language. When the subject noun is expressed (as sometimes it is in the more ancient style), it is placed after the verb; as, "Follow thou me;""Tarry ye." (a)

§ 38. (1) We shall now exhibit the regular arrangement of the numbers and persons of a few verbs, through the several modes and the simple tenses. (2) This kind of arrangement is called the Conjugation of Verbs. (3) We have already noticed the division of verbs into two conjugations, in reference to the manner in which they form their past tenses and perfect participles. We shall present examples of both conjugations. (4) We

(a) See Gram. Struct. Eng. Lang., pp. 111-2.

(4) Repeat remark in reference to the subjunctive of to be.

(5) What form of the verb do we employ in expressing commands? (6) What is this form of the verb when thus employed called? (7) What is said of the omission of the subject noun in imperative propositions, and when the subject noun is expressed, where is it placed?

§ 38. (1) Tell what is now proposed. (2) What is such an arrangement as is proposed called? (3) How many conjugations are admitted, and by what are the conjugations distinguished? (4) What other words do we arrange with the verbs in these forms of con

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