as regards sense in such exceptional cases as we have presented above, is to be ascertained from the nature of the thought. This relation (other than simple connection) is indicated by no distinct grammatical contrivance, except we consider juxtaposition in this light. § 100. 2d. ADVERSATIVE CONNECTION. EXCEPTIVE CONNECTION. (1) Adversative and Exceptive Connection are both expressed chiefly by the word BUT. (2) But serves the same purpose with and, namely, to connect propositions, and the further purpose of indicating either some contrariety between two propositions, in which case we call the connection effected adversative; or that the following proposition, or member, or modification is an exception from that with which it is connected, in this case we call the connection exceptive. (3) EXAMPLES. -Your father will go to the exhibition to-morrow, BUT he will not take you with him. (4) Here but is placed between an affirmative and a negative proposition, and this is the most marked and most common case of adversative connection. (5) "Righteousness exalteth a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people." Here we have two affirmative propositions adversatively connected. = (6) But is sometimes employed like and, though less frequently than and, in connecting members of propositions and complementary words, especially when such words represent a proposition. Examples: Not John, but James is wrong. "I shall not die, but live," &c. John has learnt all his lessons BUT one. "None of them is lost, BUT the son of perdition" — John has learnt all his lessons, but one he has not learnt; and, "None of them is lost, but the son of perdition" is lost. (7) The last two examples exhibit exceptive connection. In these the place of but might be supplied by the imperative except; thus, John has learnt all his lessons EXCEPT one. When the latter proposition is completed, as above, it will be seen that exceptive is nearly the same with adversative connection. REMARK.-When more than one opposed or excepted proposition, member, &c., is to be expressed, the adversative conjunction but is introduced only once, viz., where the transition is made to the opposed group of proposi § 100. (1) What word is chiefly employed to express adversative and exceptive connection? (2) What is said of but compared with and? (3) Repeat the first example. (4) Repeat the remark in reference to the example. (5) Repeat the second example and the remark. [(6) Repeat examples of but employed to connect members of propositions and modifications. (7) Repeat the remark in reference to the last two examples. tions, &c.; and the opposed or excepted propositions, members, modifications are connected with one another in the usual way by the conjunction and; thus, All the members were present but James and William. All the members were present, but James was not present, and William was not present. (8) We must not forget a very peculiar use of the conjunction but, in which it is nearly equivalent to the adverb only. Examples: "Our light affliction, which is BUT for a moment." "If I may touch BUT his clothes." "We shall BUT die." These are nearly equivalent to "which is ONLY for a moment." "If I may touch ONLY his clothes." "We shall ONLY die," no more. (9) This use of but, unlike as it now seems, to the two above mentioned, is thought to have arisen from the habitual suppression of the negative in such expressions. If we insert the negative in the examples above given, but will have the force which it has in the exceptive use, and the sense will remain unchanged. Thus, "Our light affliction, which is" not "but for a moment." "If I may" not "but touch his clothes.” “We shall" not "but die." When the not is inserted but can take except or save for its substitute. Thus, "Our light affliction, which is" not, except or save for a moment," &c. (a) 66 (10) As in the case of simple connection by the copulative, so in the case of adversative connection certain other words besides but are sometimes employed in company with it, as subsidiary to it, and often where but is suppressed, to express more emphatically the adversative nature of the connection. We notice among these the expressions, On the contrary, on the other hand, &c. But is also sometimes followed, like and, by the word besides, or besides this, in addition to this, &c. Examples: Many think this man a patriot, ON THE CONTRARY, or BUT ON THE CONTRARY, we think him a mere time-serving, selfish politician. This man is industrious and enterpris ing, ON THE OTHER HAND, or BUT ON THE OTHER HAND, he is very extravagant. This lady is very beautiful, BUT BESIDES THIS, or BUT IN ADDITION TO THIS, she is very haughty. As we remarked in treating of simple connection, it is most proper to treat all such words as modifications of BUT (which may be regarded as implied when not expressed), or of some suppressed verb→→ such verbs as, add, join, say, &c., as I add, say, &c., or but I add, or say on the other hand, &c. This will save us from thrusting them as modifica (a) See Structure of Lang., § 147. (S) Describe a peculiar use of but, and illustrate by examples. (9) Repcat what is said in reference to a supposed suppression in such cases. Illustrate by examples. (10) Enumerate other subsidiary words employed in adversative construction. Repeat the remarks on their uses, and illustrate by examples.] tions on the following proposition, in which they will often appear misplaced and unmeaning. (11) In the analysis the manner of procedure is the same as in the case of simple connection. The nature of the connection must be stated, whether adversative or exceptive, distinguishing these from each other, and adverting to the explanation given of the use of but · = only, when this word occurs in this peculiar use. (12) As to the punctuation, when but joins complete propositions, a comma is always inserted before but. (13) When other adversative words, as, on the other hand, &c., are inserted, for the more full expression of adversative connection, we place a comma also after the whole connective phrase, separating it from both the propositions connected. (14) When BUT exceptive is employed to connect a member or complement of an incompletely expressed proposition, it is not generally preceded by a comma, except when the member or modification consists of a long phrase. Thus, in the assertion, John has learnt all his lessons but one, a comma is not generally inserted before but. In "None of them is lost, but the son of perdition;” and “Neither was I taught it, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ," the comma is inserted. But in this matter usage is not consistent. Before BUT for only the comma is not employed, as may be seen in the examples given already. EXERCISES I., II., &c.—Furnish examples of propositions connected adversatively by but and other adversative phrases. Examples of Exceptive Connection. Examples of but · = only. § 101. 3d. ALTERNATIVE CONNECTION.-(1) In discourse we often find occasion to introduce two distinct independent propositions, with the intention of asserting one or the other, but not both. (2) The word chiefly employed as a connective for this purpose is oR. (3) As this word serves to conjoin alternative assertions, we may call it the Alternative Connective, or the Alternative Conjunction. (11) What is said of the mode of analysis? (12) What is the punctuation when but separates complete propositions? (18) What when other adversative words are introduced? (14) What when but exceptive is employed to connect a single word? Illustrate by examples. § 101. (1) State the circumstances under which alternative construction is resorted to. (2) What word is used chiefly as connective? (3) How do we name it? EXAMPLES. (4) These men will govern their passions on their passions will soon govern them. He will act honorably in this matter, OR I shall be greatly disappointed. (5) In such forms of expression an alternative is proposed; neither both propositions, nor one or other by itself, is asserted absolutely, but some one of the two. If the first is admitted, the last is abandoned; and if the first is abandoned, the last is admitted. If it is true that the men will govern their passions, then I abandon the assertion that their passions will govern them; but if it is not true that they will govern their passions, it is positively asserted that their passions will govern them. (6) There is another distinct use of the conjunction or, in which it is always placed between words, and not between propositions, and performs a function which has exclusive reference to words. In this use it indicates what we may call verbal alternation, or the proposal of a choice of terms or signs of the same conception, not a choice of assertions or of conceptions. (7) Thus we say, Alexander, OR Paris, referring to the Trojan prince known by both names; Logic, or the art of reasoning. (8) When we wish to express alternation or propose a choice of assertions with greater emphasis, we employ the word EITHER before the propositions, besides using or to connect them. Thus EITHER John OR William is mistaken. (9) EITHER is here, as elsewhere, a determinative word, meaning one of two, and serves a purpose similar to that which BOTH serves before co-ordinate propositions, members of propositions, &c., connected by and. The expression in the above example is equivalent to, ONE OF TWO things is asserted, John is mistaken OR William is mistaken. (10) The words ELSE and OTHERWISE are sometimes employed with OF, sometimes alone in connecting alternatives. Examples: William must go with us (or) ELSE I will not go. We must govern our passions (or) OTHERWISE we shall become the worst of slaves. (11) Else and otherwise thus employed may be considered as modifications of or expressed or implied, in the same way as we regard besides, on the contrary, &c., as modifications of and and but. (12) The phrase in other words is used in a similar manner to express verbal alternative connection, offering a choice of equivalent forms of expression. Example: That man has succeeded in the world, (or) IN OTHER WORDS he has made a fortune. (4) Give examples of this construction. (5) Illustrate with reference to the examples. (6) Describe a distinct use of the conjunction or. (7) Illustrate by examples. [(8) What word is used where alternation is to be expressed with emphasis? Example? (9) What is said of the word either thus employed? Illustrate by the example. (10) What is said of the use of the words else and otherwise in connecting alternatives? Examples? (11) How may else and otherwise thus employed be regarded? (12) Repeat what is said of the use of the phrase, in other words. Example? (13) OR has a negative form NOR, and EITHER a negative form NEITHER. (14) NOR is sometimes employed as a connective, to couple one negative proposition to another. In this case it is equivalent to AND NOT. Thus, John is NOT at home, NOR is his brother = John is not at home, and his brother is not at home. That man has NOT got money, NOR has he got credit. In such constructions it will be observed that in prose we place the subject after the verb. The poets do not restrict themselves to this mode of arrangement. (15) Neither is sometimes used in the same way. "They toil not, neither do they spin," &c. (16) The more emphatic way of connecting two or more members of propositions or complements, in negative alternation, is to place NEITHER before the first, and NOR before the second, third, &c., if there are more than two. Examples: NEITHER John NOR his brother is at home. That boy NEITHER reads NOR writes. "Give me neither poverty nor riches." "I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, &c., shall be able to separate us from the love of God." (17) It will be observed that NOR and NEITHER -NOR express the negation of that which OR and EITHER OR indicate; that is, they exclude an alternative. (18) The poets often employ OR instead of EITHER, and NOR instead of NEITHER, before the first of two alternative propositions, and still more frequently in connecting alternative complements. Examples: 66 "Whose greater power OR bids you roar, or bids your roaring cease.” 'OR other worlds they seemed, or happy isles." "OR floating loose, or stiff with mazy gold." In prose this would be expressed thus: EITHER bids you roar, OR, &c. EITHER other worlds they seemed, or happy isles. EITHER floating loose, or stiff, &c. "NOR wife NOR children more shall he behold, NOR friends NOR sacred home." (13) What are the negative formns of OR and EITHER? (14) How is NOR sometimes employed? Examples? What is remarked about the arrangement? What is said of the poets? (15) What is said of NEITHER? (16) What is the more common and emphatic mode of connecting members of propositions and complements in negative alternation? Illustrate by an example. (17) What observation is made in reference to nor and neither-nor? |