tive. It is often followed by a substantive accessory with conjunctive that, sometimes by an interrogative substantive accessory with whether or if.) He wishes his son TO LEARN grammar=He wishes THAT HIS SON SHOULD LEARN grammar. I expected HIM TO COME — I expected THAT HE WOULD COME. "I feel the table to be hard"- I feel THAT THE TABLE IS HARD. I find HIM TO BE a good workman. "I found his opinions to accord with mine"= I found that his opinions accorded, &c. "I commanded the people to be numbered " I commanded THAT THE PEOPLE SHOULD BE numbered. "His Lord com

manded him to be sold". Commanded THAT HE SHOULD BE sold.

=

(16) There are several other verbs, besides those employed in the examples, such as imagine, suppose, consider, believe, deem, &c., which occasionally take after them a contracted accessory of this kind. But this construction is far from being common in English.

(17) In analysis, we may recognise this construction by the name of the accusative and infinitive contracted objective accessory; (18) taking care to distinguish it from the infinitive of purpose, and bearing in mind that the whole construction-accusative and infinitive with their complements, if they have any forms the objective modification of the principal verb.

(19) PUNCTUATION.—The infinitive absolute is separated from the following proposition by a comma. The accusative and infinitive are never separated by interpunction from the verb which they complete.

EXERCISES.-Furnish examples of these constructions.

98. THE NOUN AND PARTICIPLE ABSOLUTE.-(1) There is also one construction formed with verbal adjectives, which must be treated as a contracted accessory. (a)

(2) In this case a noun

(a) A participle is employed, either as the adjective modification of a noun which performs a function as subject or modifying word in a proposition, or it is attached to a noun, and with it stands grammatically independent of the principal proposition, to which it serves logically as an accessory. In this last case, which is considered above, the participle may be regarded as the substitute of the verb from which it is formed. In the first case, the participle may be treated as an adjective modification. And, as it generally serves as a sort of circumstantial modification equal to an accessory of time, it is often separated together with its accompaniments, by interpunction. Example: "The neighbors hearing what was going forward, came flocking about us." This is equivalent to the accessory of

(16) Enumerate other verbs which occasionally take after them a contracted accessory of this kind. Is this construction very common in our language?

(17) What is the name given to this construction? (18) Repeat the caution.

(19) Punctuation?

§ 98. (1) Name another construction which must be treated as a contracted accessory. (2) Describe this construction.

modified by a participle, and standing grammatically independent of the main proposition, serves the purpose generally of an accessory of coincident time, sometimes of other accessories.

business herself":

=

(3) EXAMPLES.- -“ This being resolved, my wife undertook to manage the When this was resolved, my wife, &c., evolving an accessory of coincident time. "The door being opened, the child addressed him " When the door was opened, &c. "This said, he sat"- When this was said, &c.

=

"The service past, around the pious man,

With ready zeal each honest rustic ran."

(4) In analysis we say that the principal proposition is modified by the noun and participle absolute contracted accessory, repeating the words of the contracted accessory-the noun and participle with their modifications, when any occur. It will be advisable at first to require the pupil to furnish the equivalent complete accessory, or co-ordinate construction, when that is most agreeable to the English idiom. (6)

coincident time, When the neighbors heard, &c.; and might be treated as a compound accessory modifying the principal assertion; viz., they (the neighbors) came flocking about us. But it is sufficient in analysis to treat hearing and its accompanying accessory, what was going forward, as an adjective modification of the noun neighbors, the subject of the principal proposition.

(b) Constructions of this kind are found consisting of a participle without a noun expressed. Examples: "His conduct, generally speaking, is honorable WE, or I speaking generally; or IF WE SPEAK in a general way, &c. The boy is far advanced in learning, CONSIDERING HIS AGE= If we consider his age. This may be distinguished by the name of the Participle Absolute. In the examples above given, it seems equivalent to a conditional accessory.

Sometimes, on the contrary, the participle is suppressed in this kind of construction, especially by the poets. But in such cases it is easily supplied, and ought to be supplied as the first step in the analysis. Examples:

=

"The bow well bent, and smart the spring,

Vice seems already slain, &c.

The bow BEING well bent, and the spring BEING smart.

For a more full account of contracted accessories, as well as of the whole subject of modification by accessory propositions, we must refer to our larger treatise, Chap. IX., pp. 333-457.

(5) PUNCTUATION.-This contracted accessory is always separated from the rest of the construction by interpunction.

EXERCISES.-Furnish contracted accessories of this kind, accompanied by the equivalent complete accessory.

(5) Punctuation?

CHAPTER X.

COMBINATION OF INDEPENDENT PROPOSITIONS.

§ 99 (1) It now only remains to consider the connection of propositions (simple or compound) grammatically independent of each other, in order to form discourse; and with this the connection of independent members of propositions, and independ ent complements or modifications which enter into the structure of propositions. (2) Propositions grammatically independent are, when connected together, sometimes called co-ordinate propositions to distinguish them from accessory propositions, used to modify other propositions, to which, on this account, they are regarded as subservient or subordinate. Independent members and complements may also be called co-ordinate members and co-ordinate complements.

(3) We may distinguish three modes of connecting independent propositions, members of propositions and modifications: 1st. Simple connection; 2d. Adversative connection; 3d. Alternative connection.

(4) The words employed for this purpose are called CONJUNCTIONS, but are to be carefully distinguished from those conjunctions and conjunctive words employed to connect accessory with principal propositions.

§ 99. (1) State what now remains to be done. (2) What name is given to independent propositions when combined? To independent members and complements combined? (3) Mention the several modes of connecting propositions, &c. (4) What name is given to the words employed for this purpose?

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1st. SIMPLE CONNECTION. (5) All that is implied by this beyond mere connection, is that the co-ordinate propositions connected, have the same relation to the general bearing of the discourse. (6) The word chiefly employed to effect this species of connection is and.

(7) We subjoin examples of propositions connected by AND.

"Length of days is in her right hand; and in her left hand are riches and honor." Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace." Here and connects simple grammatically independent propositions. In the following example it unites two compound propositions. "She is a tree of life to them that lay hold of her; and happy is every one that retaineth her." Again in the following it connects two accessory propositions, which in relation to one another are independent, or what we may call co-ordinate accessories. "When wisdom entereth into thine heart, and (when) knowledge is pleasant unto thy soul, discretion shall preserve thee," &c.

(8) The words also, moreover, besides, besides this, in addition to this, &c., employed, sometimes with, and sometimes without and, in the junction of co-ordinate propositions continuative of the same train of thought, are to be regarded as performing their usual functions, but not in the proposition which follows them, and which they help to connect. If we thrust them upon this following proposition, we create confusion. They are to be regarded as complementary of the conjunction and, expressed or implied, or some implied verb. Example: "Moreover,

by them is thy servant warned." = Add or join moreover, or beyond this, or I say more beyond this, "by these," &c. If we bring moreover as a modifying adverb into the subjoined proposition we spoil the meaning. Also is perhaps rarely to be included in the connective proposition; but besides this, or besides alone, with this implied, and in addition to this, are often a part of the juncture. They are when alone equivalent to add, or, I say besides this; I say in addition to this, &c. In analysis, they may be treated when thus employed as connective phrases.

(9) When more than two co-ordinate propositions follow in succession, it is customary to omit the conjunction between all but the last proposi

(5) Describe simple connection. (6) What word is chiefly employed to effect simple connection?

(7) Illustrate the simple connection of the several species of propositions by examples. [(8) Repeat the substance of what is said about the subsidiary words used with or without AND. Illustrate by example.

(9) Tell when the suppression of conjunctions is customary, and illustrate by an example.