tations of the antiquated style by ALBEIT. (17) The force of the conjunctive though is often supported by the introduction of the adverb YET in the principal proposition; perhaps sometimes by STILL. Yet is only introduced when the principal proposition follows the accessory. The yet thus introduced may be regarded as equivalent to after all, notwithstanding the objection. (d)

(18) We present examples both with and without yet. "Though thou detain me, I will not eat of thy bread." "Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be unpunished." "Though he (should) slay me, yet will I trust in him." "Though the Lord be (is) high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly." That is to say, admitting-conceding-that the Lord is high, and that this admitted fact might appear an objection to his acting in the manner to be asserted, still, setting this aside, this notwithstanding, it is asserted that "He hath respect unto the lowly." It may here be observed that our translators generally employ the conjunctive form of the verb To Be after though, even when a matter of fact, as in the last example, is expressed by the proposition. "ALTHOUGH all should be offended, YET will

not I."

(d) The words NOTWITHSTANDING and NEVERTHELESS are used in a princi pal proposition to set aside an objection, which might be drawn from the preceding part of a discourse. They may be regarded as equivalent to though this is so, yet. The use of notwithstanding may be thus explained: The preceding proposition, or a portion of the preceding discourse is taken with the participle withstanding and the negative, in the manner of the case absolute (to be explained presently) = This not standing against, the assertion which follows holds true. Nevertheless, when resolved into the words which constitute it, explains itself. Never the less on account of what precedes, the assertion still holds true. Examples: "Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee." That is the character given in the context, not withstanding-not opposing-not forming a valid though apparent objection. He acted imprudently on that occasion; NEVERTHELESS he is not a fool = never the less, or not the less (anciently natheless) on this account, he is not a fool. "Wisdom is better than strength; nevertheless the poor man's wisdom is despised."

The word howbeit is employed in older writers pose. We have an example in the book of Ruth. man; howbeit there is a kinsman nearer than I." lent to notwithstanding, or nevertheless "there is a

for much the same pur"I am thy near kinsThis is nearly equiva kinsman nearer than I.”

pound propositions? (17) What is said of the use of yet in concessory propositions? (18) Adduce examples for illustration.

"One whose subdued eyes,

ALBEIT unused to the melting mood,

Drop tears," &c.

"ALBEIT betwixt them roared the ocean grim,

YET so the sage had hight to play his part.”

CONCESSORY WITH ALTERNATIVE ACCESSORY.-(19) In this an objection proposed in the form of an alternative is set aside. The accessory in this kind of proposition is introduced by the word whether = which of two, and the alternative by or.

(20) We give examples: WHETHER you go, or do not go, I shall certainly go. Or, with the principal proposition first in order, I shall certainly go WHETHER you go or do not go (more commonly expressed in an abbreviated form, Whether you go or not, I shall certainly go).

(21) This form of compound proposition is equivalent to a conditional proposition with an alternative accessory; If you go, or if you do not go, still I shall go. Or (what is the same thing) it is equivalent to two conditional propositions having the same main assertion, I shall go if you go; and I shall go if you do not go.

CONCESSORIES WITH INDEFINITE ACCESSORY.-(22) In these the objection conceded and set aside is of an indefinite, unlimited nature. (23) These concessories have for their conjunctive words the compound conjunctive pronoun whoever serving as the subject of the accessory, or the conjunctive whatever, serving as subject or as objective modification of the predicate, or the adverb however, performing its adverbial function, besides that of a conjunctive word. (e)

(e) It is to be noticed that however is often used in such a manner as to represent itself alone a sort of concessory proposition. It is then equivalent to however this may be, referring to the preceding discourse for the matter conceded. Ex. "You will tell him, however, that the person his good nature has laid under obligations to him, is one Le Fevre," &c. -"You will tell him, HOWEVER" this may be, "that the person," &c.

(19) Describe another species of concessive proposition; and tell the word by which it is introduced. (20) Illustrate by examples.

(21) To what is this kind of compound proposition equivalent?

(22) Mention another class of concessory propositions, and describe them. (28) By what conjunctive words is the accessory in these introduced?

(24) Examples: WHOEVER may oppose that man, he will succeed, or that man will succeed, WHOEVER may oppose him Though any or all men should oppose him, that man will succeed. WHATEVER obstacles lie in his way, he readily surmounts Though obstacles of any or all descriptions lie in his way, or though he meets any or all descriptions of obstacles, he readily surmounts them. However he is baffled, he always persists in what he undertakes - Though he is baffled in any, or all ways, he always persists, &c.

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(25) PUNCTUATION.-In all these forms of concessories the accessory is separated by a comma.

EXERCISES.-Furnish examples of all these kinds of concessory proposi

tions.

(26) There is a form of accessory which we may call THE ACCESSORY OF REFERENCE, commencing with the conjunctive what preceded by the words as to or as for, to indicate its connection and show its relation to the principal proposition.

(27) Examples: AS TO WHAT we have been talking of, my opinion is already fixed. AS FOR WHAT that man says, I have no confidence in it. More tersely, I have no confidence in what that man says. (28) In these examples as is equivalent to the words in reference, and is manifestly an adverbial modification of the principal proposition. (29) We shall see the nature of the construction more clearly by substituting for what the equivalent words that which. (30) In reference to THAT WHICH you say, my opinion is fixed, or my opinion is fixed in reference to that which you say. What you say may be regarded as a substantive accessory with to forming a noun and preposition modification of the adverb as, or what is implied in it, namely, the conception expressed by the word reference. (31) As, we may here observe, is sometimes modified in the same manner by a noun as well as by substantive accessories; thus, AS TO THE QUESTION in hand, my opinion is fixed.

(32) PUNCTUATION.-Comma between the principal and accessory. EXERCISE.-Furnish examples of this form.

(24) Illustrate by examples.

(25) Punctuation?

(26) Describe the accessory of reference.

(27) Illustrate the use of this by examples. (28) Repeat the remark in reference to the word as in these examples. (29) By what substitution shall we be enabled to see the nature of the construction more clearly? (30) Illustrate by example. (81) Repeat the remark about the manner in which as may be modified.

(32) Punctuation?

97. CONTRACTED ACCESSORIES. GENERAL REMARKS.—One subject still remains to be treated in order to complete our account of the construction of compound propositions; (1) namely, certain forms of expression, which, though devoid of the grand characteristic of propositions, since they have in them no assertive word, yet perform functions equivalent to those of accessories. (2) These we call contracted accessory propositions. (a)

(3) These forms of expression are constructed by the help of the verbal nouns and the verbal adjectives.

(4) Nearly all the forms of expression into which these verbals enter may be regarded as contracted accessories, and may be resolved into the form of propositions. (The objective infinitive must be considered an exception to the remark.) (5) But most of these contracted forms can be treated (for example, infinitives of purpose) as modifications of simple propositions, by the help of the instructions already given. (6) We confine our attention to a few forms which cannot be readily treated without explicit reference to the fact that they are substitutes for accessory propositions.

(7) There are two uses of the infinitive, which it will be necessary to treat always as contracted accessories, and not as mere infinitive modifications in simple propositions. In the analysis of the constructions in which these occur, we should always produce the accessory to which they are equivalent, or which they represent.

(a) We do not include in this class those propositions in which some important part, though suppressed, is plainly implied. Such cases come under the head of Ellipsis, and the first thing to be done, as we have already said, in attempting to analyze such elliptical propositions, is to supply the suppressed part or parts, and then proceed as in treating complete propo

sitions.

§ 97. (1) Describe certain forms of expression yet to be treated under the hoad of compound propositions. (2) How may we name these forms?

(3) What words help in constructing these contracted accessories?

(4) Repeat the remark in reference to the forms of expression into which verbals enter(5) How may most of these contracted forms be treated? (6) To what class of these contracted forms may we confine our attention?

(7) Repeat the remarks made concerning two infinitives used in forming contracted accessories.

(8) INFINITIVE ABSOLUTE.-One of these uses of the infinitive has been called the Infinitive Absolute, because it (with its complements) stands grammatically independent of the rest of the construction.

(9) We have examples in the following propositions; "To confess the truth, I was to blame;" TO PROCEED with the story; To CONCLUDE this narrative; TO BEGIN with the first, &c. All these may be regarded as contracted accessories of purpose In order that I may confess the truth; In

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order that I may proceed in my story, &c.

(10) In such constructions as these, there is besides the employment of a contracted accessory, a suppression of the leading proposition, which this accessory is designed to modify. (11) The full construction in the first example is, I admit or declare, in order that I may confess the truth, that I was to blame. (12) In the contracted or elliptical form of construction, the proposition That I was to blame, which in the full construction is an objective accessory proposition modifying the principal verb, assumes the appearance and form of the principal proposition. (13) In analysis such constructions should be expanded, and the suppressed parts supplied.

ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE.-The second construction, which must be treated in the same way, and not as a simple infinitive modification, is one already noticed in treating of the substantive accessory employed as an objective modification. (b) (14) It consists of a noun or pronoun in the accusative case and an infinitive, together forming the objective modification of a verb. (15) We submit the following as examples of this construction.

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"I know thee to be expert in all customs," &c. I know that thou art expert, &c., which is a substantive accessory employed as an objective modification. "And saw no harm come to him " = And saw THAT NO HARM CAME to him. (The verb to see is, we believe, rarely followed by an infini

(b) See § 84: 16, 18.

(8) What is the first of these infinitives called?

(9) Illustrate by examples.

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(10) What suppression occurs in constructions of this kind? (11) Supply the full construction. (12) What remark is made in reference to the proposition I was to blame in the example? (13) How should such constructions be treated in analysis?

(14) Describe the second construction. (15) Adduce examples, and transform the infinitive construction in each into an accessory. Repeat the remark in reference to the verb see.