noun complementary of the principal proposition. Thus, I am a friend who TELL you this; I am a friend who FEELS for your misfortunes. If it is designed by the speaker or writer to modify the subject, as for example the subject in the proposition, I am a friend who TELI. you this, the verb must be, as here, in the first person; and a better arrangement in such cases will be, in conformity with the general rule laid down above, to place the accessory immediately after the subject, and suspend the progress of the main assertion till our subject is completed; thus I who TELL you this am a friend. If, on the contrary, the accessory is designed to modify the noun in the predicate, the verb in the accessory must agree with that noun in person, and the proper arrangement is that exhibited above; I am a friend who FEELS for your misfortunes · I am such a FRIEND as feels, &c., the accessory describing friend. In the form, I am a friend who feel for your misfortunes, or, more properly arranged, I who feel for your misfortunes am a friend, it is I the subject that is described by the accessory, and not friend. The person I described by the accessory asserted to be a friend, not the person I asserted to be the kind of friend described by the accessory.

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is

In closing our remarks on the conjunctive pronouns, we must not omit to notice certain compound words formed of a conjunctive pronoun combined with a preposition. Compounds of this kind were much used by our old authors-by the translators, for example, of the Bible—instead of the simple pronoun and preposition. Such words are whereat, whereby, wherefore, wherein, whereof, whereto, whereunto, wherewith, &c. The word where in all these compounds is the dative or ablative of what-the case employed in Anglo-Saxon with the prepositions attached. As these words do not often occur in the modern language, it will be best, when we meet them, to resolve them into their component parts and treat them as nouns with a preposition, or rather as adjectives substantively employed with a preposition, the noun being implied. The noun ought in each instance to be supplied by the learner in analysis. Thus, whereby — by what or by which, referring to something easily discovered, and supplied, as being the antecedent to which what or which refers. This is a decidedly more useful and more satisfactory mode of analysis than to call such words adverbs, as they are usually called in dictionaries and grammars.

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVE ACCESSORY PROPOSITIONS.-We subjoin examples of compound propositions containing adjective accessories for the purpose of exercising the learner in analysis.

"The fixed and unchanging features of the country also perpetuate the memory of the friend with whom we enjoyed them; who was the companion of our most retired walks, and (who) gave animation to every lonely

scene.

His idea is associated with every charm of nature; we hear his

voice in the echo which he once delighted to awaken; his spirit haunts the grove which he once frequented," &c. "Satisfy yourselves with what is rational and attainable." “The time which they suffer to pass away in the midst of confusion, bitter repentance seeks afterwards in vain to recall. What was omitted to be done at its proper moment, arises to be the torment of some future season." "Miserable is the man who has no resources within himself, who cannot enjoy his own company, who depends for happiness upon the next amusement, or the news of the day." "The enjoyments to which he looks up are not superior to his own. There are those whose appetites are courted by more costly provision than his; whose senses are excited by more stimulating entertainments, and soothed by smoother accommodations; whose days are spent in more expensive amusements, and whose nights are passed upon softer pillows: but he who fares sumptuously every day, sits down to no sweeter feast than he; he whose delight is daily stirred by more pungent excitements, is no more animated by them than he is by his cheaper and soberer pastime." "Those persons who know not how to distinguish between liberality and luxury, are under a great error. Abundance of men know how to squander that do not know how to give." "They who are ignorant of what happened before their birth, will remain children all their lives." "He who imagines he can do without the world" (substantive objective accessory) "deceives himself much; he who fancies the world can do without him, is under a far greater delusion." "He that hath no rule over his own spirit is like a city that is broken down and without walls." "The veil that covers from our sight the events of succeeding years, is a veil woven by the hand of mercy." "He that trusts his own wisdom proclaims his own folly." "He that rejoices at the prosperity of another man, is a partaker thereof." (We mark the suppression of the conjunctive pronoun in some of the following examples by a dash, thus -) "It is the spot - I came to seek." "The throne we honor is the people's choice; the laws - we reverence are our brave fathers' legacy; the faith we follow teaches us to live in bonds of charity with all mankind," &c. Whoever shows a man his mistakes in a kind manner is his friend. "Whatever is, is right. They saw whatever could be seen. "At once came forth whatever creeps." "Whosoever hath Christ for his friend will be sure of counsel; whoever is his own friend will be sure to obey it."

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"He is the freeman whom the truth makes free."

"The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose."

Show the intentional ambiguity in this line, and express the two senses which it bears in such a way that the one cannot be confounded with the other.

"Who never fasts, no banquets e'er enjoys; Who never toils or watches, never sleeps."

"And fools who came to scoff remained to pray."

"Let me take a horse who is to bear me." "Like mountain cat, who guards her young." "A score of vagabond dogs, who served his purpose." "Wine is like a strong serpent, who will creep unperceivedly into your empty head." (Observe the personification in the four preceding examples.)

"Whatever nature has in worth denied,

She gives in large recruits of needful pride!
For, as in bodies, thus in souls, we find

What wants in blood and spirits, swelled with wind."

To what would one day dwindle that which made

Thee more than mortal?"

What is here interrogative, and the compound proposition, To what would one day dwindle that which, &c., is an interrogative substantive accessory, forming the objective modification of the verb divine.

Observe, I must not stay, is substantive accessory objective modification to the verb says.

§ 90. OF ADVERBIAL ACCESSORY PROPOSITIONS.-(1) The learner will please revert to the fact that when a single word expresses what is expressed by a noun and preposition modification, we call that word an adverb. (2) In accordance with this, we here call all those accessories which express modifications similar either to those expressed by adverbs or by that of which an adverb is an abbreviation (a noun completed by a descriptive adjective and preceded by a preposition) adverbial accessories, since in them, as in

$ 90. (1) To what is the learner requested to revert in entering on the consideration of adverbial accessories? (2) Mention what accessories we include in the class of adverbial

the adverb, the preposition is generally suppressed. (3) It is not always suppressed; for some accessory propositions are connected, as we shall see, to their principal proposition by the intervention of a preposition, exactly as a single noun is connected by a preposition with the modified word. We might have arranged these among the substantive accessories, and formed of them a class of substantive accessories connected with their principals by a preposition. (4) The learner will then remember that we do not separate into distinct classes the accessories which retain the form of noun and preposition, and the adverbial which do not retain this form; but consider them promiscuously, since, like the noun and preposition modification and the adverb, they differ rather in form than in the purpose for which they are employed. We shall notice the cases, as they pass in review, in which a preposition serves to connect accessories of this class.

(5) When we speak of a principal and of an accessory proposition, the student will notice that we do not restrict the appellation principal proposition to the main proposition in a whole sentence or compound proposition, but of two propositions to that one which is modified or completed in some way by the other. For example: "Do you imagine that all are happy who have attained to those summits of distinction, towards which your wishes aspire?" Here the main proposition “Do you imagine" is modified by the substantive accessory "that ALL are happy ;" and this in its turn is principal to the accessory “who have attained to those summits," &c., which completes the word all. Again, the accessory proposition "who have attained to those summits of distinction" is principal in reference to the accessory "towards which your wishes aspire," which completes the words "summits of distinction." Here we see that a proposition may serve as accessory to an accessory of an accessory of another proposition; or, to view the facts in another point of view, a word in a principal proposition may be modified by a compound proposition.

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBIAL ACCESSORIES.-(6) Adverbial accessory propositions, like adverbs, may be divided into two classes: 1st. Those which modify adjectives, and sometimes adverbs; and 2d. Those which modify verbs.

I. (7) The adverbial accessory propositions which modify adjectives and adverbs, like the adverbs which serve the same

accessories. (3) What is said of accessories connected by a preposition, and of the mode in which they might be classed? (4) What is the learner here to remember? [(5) State the substance of the caution, and illustrate it by examples.] (6) Into what classes may adverbial accessory propositions be divided? (7) What do the accessories which modify adjectives usually express?

purpose, usually express degrees of intensity. (8) This they do, generally, by the introduction of a comparison.

1st. (9) There is what we may call THE ACCESSORY OF EQUAL INTENSITY. This expresses either the equal intensity of the same quality in two different subjects, or the equal intensity of two different qualities in the same subject.

(10) Examples: That man is as wise as you are―That man is as wise as you are wise. Generally, both the verb and the adjective are suppressed in this kind of accessory; That man is as wise as you. The suppressed words should be supplied in analysis. As an example of the equal intensity of two distinct qualities in the same subject, we give this compound proposition: That man is as good as he is great. (11) The word as is twice introduced in this form of compound proposition. In the principal propo sition it may be called the adverbial modification of the adjective; in the accessory, a conjunctive adverb, connecting the accessory with the principal proposition, besides performing its usual adverbial function in the accessory. (12) This accessory may readily be resolved into an adjective accessory; thus, That man is wise in the same degree in which you are wise, Here we discover that the first as, like all other adverbs, is an abbrevia tion for a noun and preposition, and the second for a conjunctive pronoun and preposition.

EXERCISE.-Form propositions of this kind.

2d. (13) We have what may be called the ACCESSORY OF GREATER OR LESSER INTENSITY. This is used to complete adjec tives of the comparative degree, whether modified by the terminative er or by the adverbs more or less.

(14) Examples: He is taller than his brother is. He was more prudent than the preceding king was. That boy is less studious than his cousin is -He is taller than is brother is tall, &c. But here the adjective is never expressed, and the verb is very generally also suppressed; Thus, He is taller than his brother. In all cases both verb and adjective are implied in the accessory.

(8) What do they introduce for this purpose?

(9) Describe the accessory of equal intensity.

(10) Illustrate the use of this accessory by examples. (11) Describe the manner in which the conjunctive as is employed in this kind of compound propositions.

(12) Show how this accessory may be resolved into another form.

(13) Describe the accessory of greater or lesser intensity.

(14) Illustrate this accessory by examples.