(6) Of these compound conjunctive pronouns whoever and whatever are in frequent use. Whichever is less used at present, and when used generally accompanies its noun, like other adjectives, as we have already noticed. The other forms, whoso, whosoever, whichsoever, whatsoever, may be regarded as antiquated, or, at least, they "are chiefly found in poetry or legal documents."-D'Orsey.

(7) Before we dismiss this subject, it must be observed that we find frequent examples of who employed indefinitely (without an antecedent expresscd), like what and the compound relatives. These examples are found chiefly in poetry and in the prose of our older writers, particularly in the authorized version of the Scriptures. (8) Examples:

"WHо lives to nature rarely can be poor;

WHO lives to fancy never can be rich."

"WHOм the Lord loveth He chasteneth." "WHO steals my purse steals trash." In these examples who is equivalent to he who, and whom to him whom.

(9) It is not necessary to treat the accessories in which who is thus employed as we treat those formed with what and the compound pronouns, though it is obvious that they might readily be so treated; namely, as substantive accessories. (10) The reason that we would not treat these as the accessory with what is that they are exceptional cases of the use of who. This is not its ordinary function in construction. The antecedent may always be readily supplied either in the form of a noun or pronoun, in which case who performs its usual part. But not so with what. You cannot supply an antecedent to it, but must, if you attempt to change the form of expression, reject what altogether and substitute that which for it, and then, instead of giving an account of what in the analysis, you only give an account of an equivalent expression. The same remark applies to the compound pronouns.

(11) The learner will notice that, though the conjunctive pronoun generally refers to a noun as its antecedent—as that which the accessory proposition modifies—it sometimes refers to a proposition, or rather to the predicate or part of the predicate of a proposition. (12) When this is the

(6) Tell which of them are in frequent use, and which antiquated.

(7) Is who ever employed in a manner similar to what? (8) Illustrate by examples. (9) Is it required that we should treat these accessories formed with who indefinite as we treat those formed with what? (10) State the reason assigned for this difference in the mode of analysis.

(11) What is said of the conjunctive representing a predicate? (12) Which of the conjunctive pronouns is employed for this purpose? Illustrate by examples.

case, we employ the conjunctive which, not who, nor that. Example, He tells the truth, which you do not. Here which refers to the predicate of the preceding proposition, namely, telling the truth. This is what you do not. The accessory may here be regarded as employed instead of the co-ordinate proposition, and that is what you do not. This latter is the more natural and the preferable form of expression. He is faithful, which that man is and that man is not so. Here the antecedent is the adjective faithful-part of the predicate of the preceding proposition.

not =

(13) The antecedent is sometimes found involved in an adjective pronoun-in other words, it is the noun which the adjective pronoun represents. We might propose as examples, THEIR motives are unknown WHO performed this act; His is the crown WHO gains the victory. These forms of expression are not perhaps consistent with good taste in prose composibut they are sometimes met in poetry; for example:

tion;

"The prison of HIS tyranny who reigns

By our delay."

"To know

Of things above this world, and of THEIR being
Who dwell in heaven, whose excellence he saw
Transcend his own so far; whose radiant forms,
Divine effulgence, whose high power, so far
Exceeded human," &c.

EXERCISE I., II., &c.-Form compound propositions involving the use of the compound relatives whoever, whatever, &c.

own masters.

(14) The word THERE is employed in a very peculiar manner in some compound propositions with adjective accessories, in connection with an inversion of the subject and verb of the principal propositions. (15) ExAMPLES: THERE are many men who seem to be the mere slaves of their appetites and passions. THERE are some men who appear wholly unfit to be their THESE assertions are equivalent to many men who seem to be the mere slaves of their appetites and passions ARE; some men who appear wholly unfit to be their own masters ARE. (16) The verb are used in this last way appears so unsupported and awkward, so ill matched with the many-worded subject with which it is connected, that it offends our sense of proportion and harmony. This is, no doubt, the reason of adopting the construction commencing with THERE (17) Using this word, which seems

(18) Repeat what is said of the antecedent being found in an adjective pronoun; and illustrate by examples.

(14) What is said of a peculiar use of the word THERE? (15) Illustrate this use by examples. (16) What is said of the proposition without there? (17) Describe the manner in

in such cases to add nothing to the meaning, we invert the main proposition, placing the subject after the verb, and thus avoid the awkwardness. (18) This use of the word there is not confined to the case in which an adjective accessory is employed; it occurs in cases of inversion, in simple propositions both assertive and interrogative; for example: THERE were many ladies at the assembly. Is THERE any one in the house? (19) It will be here noticed that in the interrogative proposition there is placed after the verb, in the same manner as if it served, for the moment, as representative of the subject noun. (20) Hence we have ventured in our larger treatise to call it there subjective. (21) We have met with no satisfactory explanation of this idiomatic usage. (See Structure of Language, § 116, for further remarks on this idiom.

(22) This inversion occurs chiefly in propositions formed with the verb to be, but is not confined to these exclusively. (23) For example: “But if all prophesy, and THERE come in," &c. "If THERE come into your assembly a man with a gold ring," &c. "THERE shall no man see me and live." "THERE remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God." "There remaineth no more sacrifice for sins." "THERE went with him a band of men."

"Breathes THERE the man with soul so dead?"

(24) When such inversions occur, they must be noticed in analysis, and the fact stated that there subjective performs a function in the inversion. It can scarcely be said to modify the verb.

§ 89. ARRANGEMENT OF THE ADJECTIVE ACCESSORY IN THE COMPOUND PROPOSITION. (1) As regards arrangement, the adjective accessory is most appropriately placed immediately after the word which it modifies; as, The man wHO ACTS VIRTUOUSLY deserves praise. At MAN, the antecedent or word modified, we suspend the progress of the main assertion, and introduce the modifying accessory, who acts virtuously.

which this awkwardness is avoided. (18) Is there ever used in this manner in simple propositions? Give examples. (19) Repeat the remark in reference to the interrogative proposition. (20) What name have we proposed for there thus employed? (21) Has any satisfactory explanation been given of this idiom?

(22) Is this inversion and use of there confined exclusively to propositions formed with the verb to be? (23) Repeat the examples.

(24) How are such cases to be treated in analysis ?]

§ 89. (1) Which is the most appropriate place for the introduction of the adjective accessory? Illustrate by an example.

(2) This order of arrangement is not so rigorously observed in English as perhaps a regard for perspicuity and elegance demands. (3) We sometimes allow a noun and preposition modifying the same principal word to come between it and the accessory; as, The paintings of the old masters which we saw yesterday. Here the noun and preposition of the old masters, comes between the antecedent, paintings, and the accessory, which we saw yesterday. (4) The modern distinction between who and which secures perspicuity in cases like the example. Which refers us to paintings, since it cannot with propriety represent masters. (5) Constructions of this kind should be avoided as much as possible; for, even when, as in this case, they are not chargeable with ambiguity, they are awkward and betray want of skill in composition.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUN IN THE ACCESSORY PROPOSITION. (6) The conjunctive pronoun properly occupies the first place in the accessory, because it serves to connect it with the antecedent, and so with the principal proposition. (7) When the conjunctive pronoun serves as noun and preposition modification in the accessory, it is necessarily preceded by the preposition; as, The person TO WHOM you wrote did not receive your letter. The preposition to retains its place before the pronoun, and so comes between it and the antecedent.

(8) Other words beside the preposition sometimes precede the conjunc tive pronoun in the adjective accessory. (9) These exceptions, which it might be well to avoid as much as possible, occur chiefly, if not exclusively, when which with the preposition of is the modification of a noun in the accessory proposition. For example: "A multitude of evils beset us, for the source of which we must look to another quarter." This mode of expression seems to be used to avoid the employment of whose in reference to things, or, in other words, as the genitive of which.

(10) The conjunctive pronouns, as we have had occasion to observe,

[(2) Do we always adhere to this order of arrangement in English? (8) What modification is sometimes introduced between the principal word and the accessory? Illustrate by an example. (4) What secures perspicuity to compound propositions thus arranged? Illustrate from the example. (5) What counsel is given in reference to constructions of this kind, in which the accessory is separated from the antecedent ?]

(6) What is the proper place of the conjunctive pronoun in the accessory proposition? (7) Mention an exception, and illustrate by an example.

[(8) Do other words besides the preposition sometimes precede the pronoun? (9) Illustrate by an example.

(10) What remark is here repeated in reference to the conjunctive pronouns? (11) How must the conjunctive, notwithstanding, be regarded when subject of the accessory ?]

have no plural form; they do not indicate whether that which they represent is singular or plural; nor do they indicate person. (11) But when a conjunctive pronoun serves as the subject noun in an accessory proposition, it must be regarded as of the same person and number as the antecedent or antecedents which it represents, because the verb to which it is subject is of that number and person. Thus we say, I who READ, thou who READEST, he who READS, we who READ, &c.—the verb to which who is subject invariably agreeing in number and person with the antecedent. Hence the convenience of the following condensed formula for the guidance of the learner, which may be referred to as

(12) RULE III.—The relative or conjunctive pronoun is of the same number and person with the antecedent, and a verb to which it is subject must also be of the number and person of the antecedent.

(13) OBS. I. If a conjunctive pronoun represents an antecedent of the first person together with an antecedent of the second or of the third person, the conjunctive pronoun is to be considered as of the first person plural, and the verb to which it may be subject in the accessory must be regarded as of the same person and number; again, if the conjunctive represents an antecedent of the second person together with an antecedent of the third, it is to be considered as of the second person, and the verb accordingly will be of the second person plural. It will be remarked that in such cases all that is indicated in our language is that when two or more singular antecedents are represented by a single conjunctive pronoun, the verb to which such conjunctive pronoun serves as subject is of the plural form. As there is no distinction of persons plural marked by the form of our verbs, the person is not indicated.

(14) OBS. II. It sometimes happens that the same individual is represented by words of different persons in the subject and predicate of the same proposition. Thus, I am a friend; you are an actor; we are men. The subjects of the first and last propositions are of the first person, the complementary nouns of the third person; the subject of the second proposition is of the second person, the complementary noun of the third person, though the subject and complementary nouns in the three propositions represent the same party in each respectively. Now such a proposition may be followed by a conjunctive pronoun and accessory, referring to, and describing the individual represented by the subject noun and

(12) Repeat the rule.

[(13) Repeat the substance of Observation I.

(14) Repeat the substance of Observation II.]