proposed contains more than one proposition, the next question is, are the propositions combined co-ordinate, or have we a compound proposition? If they are only combined propositions they are to be treated, and the nature of their connection explained, according to the instructions to be given hereafter for the analysis of such propositions. If the sentence contains one or more compound propositions, the next step in analysis is to point out the verb, or assertive word in the principal proposition, and then the subject, as in treating a simple proposition. In the present instance this subject is the accessory proposition; and in this case we proceed next to the separate analysis of the subject proposition, treating the word that as a determinative applied to the whole proposition considered as a single compound subject. Or, if we please, we may call it here a conjunctive determinative, since it (as now understood) indicates the conjunction of the propositions, at the same time that it exercises its usual determinative force. Then we proceed to the analysis of the verb and other parts of the predicate of the principal proposition.

When the accessory proposition serves as a modification of the subject or predicate of the principal proposition, or of one of the complements of the subject or predicate, it is to be treated, like the modifications already described, in the order which it occupies in the sense, and it may itself either be analyzed in its place, or its function and class only may be mentioned, and the analysis postponed till the principal proposition is finished. If, like a circumstantial modification, it seems to affect rather the whole principal proposition, than any one of its members in particular, it may be considered last, after the analysis of the principal proposition is completed.

(7) Compound propositions of this kind are often expressed in our language in a somewhat different form. For example, the compound propositions above introduced may be presented in the following form. Ir is a truth never to be forgotten by the citizens of free states, that the government of our desires, &c. Ir ought to be constantly inculcated on the young, that industrious habits are essential to success in life. Ir is a well known historical fact, that Julius Cæsar invaded Britain. In the compound propositions thus presented, the real subjects are still, as before, the accessory propositions commencing with THAT. (8) The word IT serves as a substitute subject to the principal proposition, till the real subject is developed in the accessory proposition. (9) This contrivance enables us to arrange the predicate of the principal proposition first, and thus give emphasis to the assertion by

[(7) Are compound propositions of this kind always expressed in the form already presented? Illustrate by examples. (8) What is said of the function performed by it in the compound proposition when arranged as in these examples? (9) What are we enabled to

presenting it before we exhibit the subject to which it applies. (10) This arrangement serves to draw the hearer's attention more powerfully to what we assert, by keeping him in suspense as to the subject to which it applies. (11) The latter form of this class of compound propositions-we mean the form commencing with it for substitute subject of the principal proposition— is generally preferred by writers, and occurs much more frequently than the other form in our language. (a)

We subjoin the following examples for exercise in analysis.

"It is through inward health that we enjoy all outward things." "It was an especial precaution that none but sweet-scented evergreens and flowers should be employed." "It is greatly to be regretted that a custom so truly elegant and touching has disappeared from general use.”

(12) In the analysis of compound propositions of this form, the prin cipal proposition may be first analyzed, and, when we come to mention the representative or substitute subject IT, we must tell what purpose it serves, and refer to the accessory which it represents.

(18) PUNCTUATION.-In this construction, the principal and accessory are usually separated by a comma.

EXERCISES I., II., &c.—A given number of compound propositions of the first of the above described forms. A given number of the second form.

§ 83. (1) We next come to treat of substantive accessory propositions employed for the purpose of modification. (2) We thus

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(a) The word it is often employed in the same representative manner when the subject of the main proposition is an infinitive serving as a contracted accessory. We subjoin a few examples of this construction, which, like the preceding, very often occurs in our language. "It is good for us to think, that this man too was our brother." What is good for us? Answer, "To think that this man too was our brother." That we should think, that this man too was our brother, is good for us. "It is for you to decide, whether this freedom shall yet survive, or be covered with a funeral pall," &c. "To decide," &c. "is for you": That you should decide, is for you-is your part or province. In all such constructions it serves to represent for the moment the infinitive with its accompaniments, which is the real subject.

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effect by this substitution of it for the real subject? (10) What effect has this arrangement on the hearer? (11) Which form of the compound proposition is usually preferred by writers ?]

(12) Repeat what is said of the analysis of this form of compound proposition? (13) What is said of punctuation in reference to this kind of compound propositions? § 83. (1) Mention the subject to be next considered. (2) Repeat the remark in reference to all the accessory propositions which remain to be treated.

return again to the subject of modification; for all the accessories which we have now to consider-the adjective and adverbial, as well as the substantive, serve to modify either the subject or predicate, or a modification of the subject or predicate of the principal proposition, or, like circumstantial adverbs, and circumstantial nouns with prepositions, to modify the whole principal proposition. (a)

(3) In passing under review these modifying accessory propositions, we shall pursue an order suggested by the classification of accessories already given, and this will correspond nearly with the order observed in treating the complements of simple propositions.

1st. (4) We shall notice the accessory propositions of which the functions bear an analogy to the functions of nouns employed in modification.

2d. Those which bear an analogy to the adjective modifications.

3d. Those which bear an analogy to adverbial or noun with preposition modifications.

4th. And lastly, we shall consider certain accessory propositions which perform peculiar functions which cannot be performed by single words or phrases. (b)

(a) These modifying accessories constitute an important part of the structure of language; and yet, with the exception of what regards the adjective accessory, they have received very little attention, so far as we know, from our English grammarians.

In treating this part of our subject, we derive great advantage (and the student will participate largely with us in this advantage) from the method pursued in the treatment of the complements or modifications of simple propositions; for the complements or modifications which consist of accessory propositions have generally a close analogy to those which consist of separate words.

(b) This order of arrangement, and constant reference to the complements already treated, which each accessory most resembles in function, and with which it in some cases interchanges place, will much assist the learner in following our observations on modifying accessory propositions.

(3) What is said of the order to be pursued in treating the modifying accessories? (4) State at length the order to be pursued.

SUBSTANTIVE ACCESSORY PROPOSITIONS EMPLOYED FOR THE PURPOSE OF MODIFICATION.

§ 84. (1) Here we shall mention first the substantive accessory proposition employed in apposition with a noun for the same purpose as the noun in apposition complement. We have already noticed this kind of modifying accessory in treating of the noun in apposition, § 50, and have given an example. (2) We subjoin additional examples. "For the promise, that he should be the heir of the world, was not to Abraham." "And they made proclamation throughout Judah and Jerusalem unto all the children of the captivity, that they should gather themselves together unto Jerusalem." In the first example, the accessory proposition "That he should be the heir of the world" stands in apposition with the noun "promise," serving to explain or expand the conception which it expresses; and, in like manner in the second example, the accessory "That they should gather themselves together," &c., stands in apposition with the noun "proclamation."

(3) Nouns, which imply what may be expressed more specially in the form of a proposition, generally admit of this proposition in apposition to explain or expand them. (4) Such nouns are, apology, bargain, belief, conclusion, commandment, contract, conviction, decision, declaration, design, doctrine, injunction, judgment, opinion, precept, proclamation, promise, proposition, purpose, resolution, sentence, threat, truth, &c. For example, The opinion, belief, conviction, &c., THAT THE SOUL IS IMMORTAL, has been almost universally entertained. The command, precept, &c., of Christ addressed to his immediate disciples, THAT THEY SHOULD LOVE ONE ANOTHER, is binding on all his professed followers. This form of modification, we think, is not very often employed.

(5) PUNCTUATION.-This accessory, like the noun.in apposition, is separated from the rest of the compound proposition by commas.

EXERCISE I., II., &c.-Form compound propositions similar to those now given, using the words above enumerated as subject nouns.

ACCESSORY PROPOSITION COMPLEMENTARY OF THE VERB TO

$84. (1) Describe the modifying accessory first considered. (2) Illustrate the use of this accessory by examples.

(3) State the description of nouns which take such modifying propositions. (4) Enumerate some of these nouns. (5) Punctuation?

BE. (6) An accessory proposition is often used like a noun complementary of the verb. In this way it is used, we believe, exclusively with the verb to be. Example: "Another cause is, that the grave is more immediately in sight of the survivors." Here, "That the grave is more immediately in sight of the survivors," serves to complete the verb is. Compare with the example the following form of expression: Another cause is the frequent visitation of the grave by the survivors. It is plain that the function performed in the example by the accessory proposition is the same as that here performed by the noun visi tation, and its accompanying modifications.

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(8) We may readily form principal propositions having the nouns recently enumerated in this section for their subjects, which principal propositions will take accessories of this description to modify the verb is. We subjoin examples which may be used as an exercise in analysis. My sentence is, that we trouble not them," &c. The proclamation is, that they should gather themselves together. Our opinion, belief, conclusion, judgment, &c., is, that different forms of government suit different stages of civilization. His sentence, decision, command, threat, injunction, &c., was, that the culprit should be punished. Your contract, bargain, &c., was, that you would supply us with materials. Our intention, design, purpose, resolution, &c., is, that the work shall be soon accomplished. The precept of Christ is, that his followers should love one another. The truth is, that different forms of policy suit nations in different stages of civilization. (9) In many of these examples, the more usual construction would, no doubt, be, to employ, instead of an accessory proposition, the infinitive verbal noun. (10) The infinitive with its accompaniments may be considered in such cases an abbreviated method of expressing an accessory proposition. Thus, His sentence, decision, design, command, &c., is to punish the culprits. Our intention, design, purpose, &c., is to finish the work. The precept of Christ is to love one another.

(11) REMARK.-These compound propositions may all, without much change of sense, be converted into the form (considered above § 82) which

(6) Name the accessory next mentioned, and tell with what verb it is used. (7) Illustrate by an example, and mention the form of expression with which the example is compared.

(8) Describe the mode of forming propositions to illustrate the use of this accessory. (9) Mention a form of construction more usual in some cases than that in the examples. (10) How may the infinitive here be regarded? Repeat examples.

[(11) Give the substance of the remark; and illustrate it by examples.]