that it is this alone which in interrogative propositions comes before the subject noun.

(7) It must also be noticed, that in all interrogative propositions which require the subject noun to be placed after the verb, we use the tenses formed by combining the verb do with the infinitive of the several verbs (i. e., the progressive forms), instead of using the simple indefinite and simple past tenses of those verbs. (8) The verbs to be and to have are exceptions, since they have no tenses formed by the verb do. (9) In our older authors, and in poetry, the simple tenses are often employed in interrogations, when the order of subject and verb is inverted, but scarcely ever in prose composition or in conversation, as the language is now used.

(10) We may express the rule at present followed in our language in the arrangement of interrogative propositions briefly thus: When an interrogative proposition has an interrogative word for its subject noun, or accompanying and completing its subject, it is arranged in the same order as the assertive proposition; but when it has not an interrogative word for subject noun, or complement of its subject, the order of arrangement is inverted, and the subject noun placed after the verb. (11) The learner will observe that in the written language all interrogative propositions are indicated by the interrogative mark (?). (12) In the spoken language, all interrogations-all questions-which do net commence with an interrogative word are distinguished, by good speakers, from assertive propositions, by a strongly marked rising inflection of the voice at their close.

We give examples of the different forms of the interrogative proposition, and, to render the distinction between it and the assertive proposition more clear, when this distinction is effected by arrangement and

(7) What else is to be noticed in regard of the formation of interrogative propositions? (8) Repeat the remark in reference to the verbs to be and to have. (9) What is said of the practice of our older authors, and of the poets?

(10) Repeat the rule for the arrangement of interrogative propositions. (11) How - are interrogative propositions indicated in the written language? (12) How are those which do not commence with an interrogative word distinguished in speaking?

without an interrogative word, we shall place the assertive opposite to the interrogative form.

1st. (13) Interrogative propositions having the interrogative word for their subject noun, or to complete the subject. These do not differ in arrangement from assertive propositions. The interrogative word alone distinguishes them. Examples: Who is at the door? Who went to the post-office? Who has read that poem? Who will lend me a knife? Which boy is the best scholar? What lies on the table? What broke the glass? What has happened? &c.

2d. (14) Interrogative propositions in which the interrogative word is not the subject noun, but completes the predicate. Here the order of the subject noun and verb are inverted. Examples: Whom did you see? What have you done? Where have you been? Why do you complain? When did he arrive? Whither will he go? How does he succeed? &c. (15) It will be observed that in all cases the interrogative word begins the proposition.

3d. (16) Interrogative propositions (or questions) formed without an interrogative word, contrasted with the corresponding assertive proposition.

(17) Here the subject noun is invariably placed after the verb; and, when a compound tense is used, after the auxiliary verb.

[(13) Give examples of the first class of interrogative propositions, viz.: those which have an interrogative word for their subject noun, or modifying their subject noun.

(14) Of the second class.

(15) Where does the interrogative word always stand?

(16) Give examples of the third class, contrasting the assertive with the interrogative form.

(17) Repeat over again the observations about the place of the subject noun when a compound tense is used, and about the use of the emphatic tenses.

It will be noticed that with all verbs, except TO BE and TO HAVE, the emphatic indefinite and past tense made with the verb TO DO, is employed in the interrogative form, in all cases where the subject noun and verb are inverted, or when the subject is not an interrogative word, or completed by an interrogative word.

(18) We may give some examples from the antiquated and poetical language of the simple indefinite and past tenses employed interrogatively, when the order of arrangement is inverted: "Despisest thou the riches of his goodness?" "Know ye what I have done to you?" "Thinkest thou this right, &c.?" "Believest thou this?" "Believest thou the prophets?" 'But what meant you of fugitives herein?"-Spenser's State of Ireland. "How commeth it then to passe?"-Idem.

Idem.

We subjoin some examples from the poets:

"What fear we then?"-Milton.

"What hear I?"

"What now avails that noble thirst of fame?"-Thomson.
"Breathes there the man with soul so dead?"-Scott.

"And said I that my blood was cold?"-Idem.

The reader will find on examination that in all these propositions, if expressed in the current prose of the present day, we would introduce the tenses formed with the auxiliary DO instead of the simple tenses.

There is a rule in reference to the answer made to an interrogative proposition, which we may give in this place. It is an important rule, and one often violated by uneducated and careless persons in conversation.

(19) RULE.-The pronoun in the answer must be in the same case with the interrogative word in the question.

EXAMPLES.-Who is in the room? Ans. I- I am in the room. To such questions the uneducated often answer me. The impropriety of this answer is manifest when we supply the words suppressed and exhibit the complete proposition implied; thus, ME is in the room. Even the least educated person perceives the impropriety of this. Whom do they blame? They blame him. Whose hat is this? Ans. John's or mine This hat is John's, or mine.

Ans. Him

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§ 77. REMARKS ON THE INTERROGATIVE WORDS.-(1) The interrogative words used as subjects of interrogative propositions

(18) Repeat a number of the antiquated and poetical examples which differ from the present order of English prose composition.]

(19) Repeat the rule and illustrate by examples.

77. (1) Enumerate the interrogative words used as subjects of propositions.

are who, what, which, and formerly whether which of the two. (2) These are commonly called the interrogative pronouns. (3) The word who has an undoubted claim to this appellation. It always performs alone the function of a noun, and is used exclusively to represent persons, and not the lower animals or inanimate things.

(4) What interrogative, when used alone, always represents a thing. It appears in Anglo-Saxon grammars as the neuter form of who, which is masculine and feminine. In the language as now used what differs from who in this, that it is employed as an adjective, and thus employed, sometimes accompanies nouns which denote persons. For example, "What man is there of you?" "What man knoweth the things of a man?" This is more emphatic than to say, Who is there of you? and Who knoweth the things of a man?

(5) Which is perhaps to be considered an adjective, and, when used alone, as having a noun implied, like any other adjective employed substantively. (6) Used interrogatively, this word may accompany nouns significant either of persons or the lower animals and things, and when used substantively, may represent objects of both these classes. Thus we say, which boy did that? which is to blame? speaking of persons—as well as, which road leads to the village? and which is the best bound? speaking of books.

(7) Which has been improperly represented as the neuter of who. Instead of this modern grammarians have assigned plausible reasons for considering it a compound of the interrogative root wh and lic, the Scotch whilk being a step in its progress to its present English form.

(8) Whether appears, also, to be a compound of wh and either. It is now scarcely in use as an interrogative. Instead of it we use which of the

(2) What are these words commonly called? (8) Repeat what is said of the word who. (4) Repeat the remarks in reference to what; and gives examples of what employed as an adjective.

(5) How may which be considered? (6) What kind of nouns does it accompany when used as an interrogative? Give examples.

[(7) How has which been improperly represented? And in what light is it considered by the most recent grammarians?

two. We have examples of the ancient usage in the questions, "Whether of them did the will of his father?"" Whether is greater, the gold or the temple?"

(9) The interrogative who may be employed plurally as well as singularly. For example, "Who are these that fly as a cloud?" &c., "Who are happiest among men?" This word has also a possessive or genitive form, whose, and another form, whom, which was anciently used as a dative, but now is employed as an accusative. (10) What and which have no genitive form, and are indifferently employed as nominatives or accusatives; that is, as subject nouns, or objective and noun with preposition modifica tions.

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(11) Some of the other interrogatives, which serve only as modifying words and not as subject nouns, and are therefore called adverbs, seem to have been originally cases or derivatives of who. At least, they generally contain what may be considered the interrogative sign in our language, viz.: the consonantal sound wh. (12) Where in what place seems to have been an old feminine dative with a noun implied, why = for what cause, an ablative, when at what time, an accusative. Whither: wards what place, is manifestly a derivative or compound from the same root. (13) How in what manner, is supposed to come from the same source, the w of the wh having been suppressed, possibly because the combination of wh with the vowel sound represented by ow was unpleasant to pronounce and disagreeable to the ear.

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EXERCISE I.—Form a given number of interrogative propositions with interrogative words for their subject nouns.

EXERCISE II-A given number commencing with an interrogative pronoun which does not serve as subject noun.

EXERCISE III-A given number commencing with an interrogative adverb.

EXERCISES IV., V., &c.— A given number of interrogative propositions formed without interrogative words.

§ 78. OF IMPERATIVE PROPOSITIONS.-(1) As regards matter, the imperative proposition is distinguished by the fact that it is employed in expressing commands, requests, entreaties, &c. (2)

(8) Repeat the remarks in reference to whether; and give examples of this word used interrogatively.

(9) Is who ever used plurally? And what cases has it? (10) Repeat the remarks in reference to case forms of what and which.

(11) What do some of the interrogative words not used as subject nouns seem to have been originally? (12) Tell what is said of where, why, when, and whither. (18) What is said of how?]

$78. (1) What is said of the matter of the imperative proposition? (2) Repeat sep