mentary of the PASSIVE verb. We exhibit these symmetrically in the following table, with an example of each form of complement annexed:

Noun Complementary.

Neut. V. The boy becomes a man.

Act. V. "Thou hast made thy servant king." Pass. V. “The Word was made flesh.”

Adjective Complementary. The boy becomes manly. "They made the king glad." “The simple is made wise.”(b)

We have now finished what we have to say at present of the descriptive adjectives. We reserve what we have to say of the modifications which adjectives undergo, whether effected by inflection or by the use of other words, till we have considered the adverbs.

§ 70. The DeterMINATIVE ADJECTIVES.-(1) We now proceed to make some remarks on the determinative adjectives. (2) We commence by enumerating the principal words of this kind in our language, since they are not, like the descriptive adjectives, a very numerous class. We shall enumerate them in groups, mentioning the names which grammarians have commonly given to these groups. We mention

1st. (3) An, which becomes a before a consonantal sound, and the. These two words have commonly been erected into a distinct part of speech by the grammarians, and called the articles -an or a being styled the indefinite, and the the definite article.

2d. (4) The second group in our enumeration consists of the words called by the grammarians, the demonstrative pronouns, viz., this and that with their plural forms these and those, and the words yon and yonder.

3d. (5) We may count what the grammarians have called indefinite pronouns as a third group. Among these are enumerated

(6) See more on these noun and adjective complementary modifications in our larger treatise, § 90.

§ 70. (1) What name do we give to the second class of adjectives? (2) Are the adjectives of this class numerous?

(8) Enumerate the first group of these adjectives and tell what is said of them. (4) Enumerate group second. (5) Group third.

all, any, both, few, many, much, no, none, other, another, several, some, such, whole, and perhaps some other words.

4th. (6) What are called distributive pronouns may be given as a fourth group. These are each, every, either, neither.

5th. (7) The possessive pronouns form a fifth class. These are my, thy, his, her, its, referring to a single person or thing, and our, your, their, to a plurality of persons or things.

6th. (8) We enumerate as the sixth and last group the numerals, both the cardinal numbers one, two, three, four, &c., and the ordinal numbers first, second, third, fourth, &c. (a)

(9) When a noun is accompanied both by a descriptive adjective and a determinative, the determinative is placed first, since it applies to the noun as described or modified by the other adjective, or in other words completes the phrase made up of the noun, and descriptive adjective together. Examples: A virtuous man is esteemed; THE good man is loved; THIS upright man is prosperous; THAT innocent man was acquitted; EVERY vicious man is contemptible; &c. Here the determinatives a, the, this, that, every, affect not the noun man alone, but man as already modified by the descriptive words virtuous, good, upright, &c. Hence, according to the usual mode of arrangement already described, it is placed before all that it affects-before both the descriptive adjective and the noun.

EXERCISES I., II., III., &c.—Let the learner form for himself a given number of propositions containing examples both of determinative and descriptive adjectives. When a determinative affects a united descriptive adjective and noun, let this be indicated by inclosing all that the determinative affects within parenthetic marks; thus, A (spreading oak.)

(10) In analysis it will be sufficient to say in reference to a

(a) For more minute information in regard to some of these groups of determinatives, see Additional Observations on the determinatives and on the pronouns, Structure of Language, §§ 156 & 158.

(6) Group fourth. (7) Group fifth. (8) Group sixth.

(9) Repeat the substance of what is said about the arrangement of the determinative and illustrate by examples.

(10) In analysis what is to be said in reference to determinatives?

determinative adjective, that the noun which it affects is modified by the determinative adjective, or simply by the determinative, repeating the particular determinative.

(11) Words of this class do no not, like the descriptive adjectives, express a quality or property inherent in the things represented by the nouns to which they are attached. They only assist in giving a determinate meaning to the noun, or rather, in many cases, they merely indicate that the noun is employed determinately; the determining influence arising from some other accompanying modification, or something implied in the matter— in the nature of the thought. (12) In other words, determinative adjectives indicate the manner in which the mind of the speaker views an object, and intends to present it, not any property or attribute inherent in the object itself.

(13) It follows from the fact that the determinatives do not express properties which pertain to objects, that they are not employed in completing the predicate-that is, as adjectives complementary of verbs-except when a noun suppressed by ellipsis is manifestly implied in them, on which the mind rests as the real complementary word. (14) For example, we cannot say that any thing is, or becomes, or grows, or feels, &c., a or the, or any, all, every, some, or even this or that, without something beyond implied, on which the mind rests, as the real complement of the predicate.(b)

(b) See Ex. Gram. Struct. Eng. Lang. p. 281, note.

[(11) Repeat the substance of what is said in reference to the distinction between descriptive and determinative adjectives. (12) What do determinatives indicate?

(13) Are determinatives employed in completing the predicate? (14) Illustrate by examples.]

CHAPTER VII.

OF ADVERBS.

§ 71. GENERAL REMARKS. (1) We now proceed to treat of another class of words, employed exclusively like the adjectives, for the purpose of modification. (2) This class of words has been called ADVERBS words attached to verbs-because grammarians have generally entertained the notion that they perform a function in reference to verbs, similar to that which adjectives perform in reference to nouns. They have been considered, as it were, the adjectives of the verb. We shall have more to say presently of the characteristic marks of adverbs. (3) In the mean time, one fact will enable the young grammarian to distinguish them from adjectives; they are never employed alone to modify or complet a noun (except verbal nouns), though the adjective is, as we have seen, often employed in completing verbs. (4) The adverbs are easily distinguished from all other classes of words, except the prepositions adverbially employed; and these are all included in the list given, § 62.

(5) The adverbs may be regarded as the most recently formed class of words in all languages. (6) We could, in expressing out thoughts, dispense with the use of them more easily than we could

871. (1) For what general purpose are the adverbs exclusively employed? (2) What is said in reference to the name adverb? (8) By what fact may they be always distinguished from adjectives? (4) Repeat what is said about distinguishing adverbs from prepositions in one of their uses.

(5) How may the adverbs be regarded in reference to their antiquity? (6) What is said

dispense with the use of any other kind of words. All we express by them, can generally be expressed with equal clearness by means of other forms of modification. (7) They may be regarded as abbreviated forms of expression, equivalent to a modification, consisting of two, more frequently of three, or four, distinct words-a preposition, and a noun generally preceded by a descriptive adjective, often by both a descriptive and determinative adjective. (8) We subjoin a few examples, for the purpose of illustration:

=

Wisely In a wise manner; or in a wise way.
Moderately In a moderate manner.
At the present time.

Now =

Where In what place?

REMARKS IN REFERENCE TO THE FUNCTIONS OF ADVERBS.

(9) Adverbs are employed either to modify verbs, or to modify adjectives or other adverbs. (10) The great majority of this class of words is employed exclusively to modify verbs. (11) A few are employed exclusively to modify adjectives and adverbs, and very few to modify both verbs and adjectives. (12) Regarded in this point of view, the adverbs may be divided into three classes —1st, modifiers of verbs; 2d, modifiers of adjectives; 3d, modifiers both of verbs and adjectives. (a)

(a) We do not make a separate class of those adverbs which are employed to modify other adverbs, because the words employed for this purpose are the same which are employed to modify adjectives, and because the adverb employed to modify another adverb, virtually modifies an adjective, viz., the adjective involved in the modified adverb. In other words, it is because of the adjective contained in the modified adverb, that it admits of being affected by another adverb. For example, That man

in reference to dispensing with the use of adverbs? (7) To what form of expression may they be regarded as equivalent? (8) Illustrate by examples.

(9) What classes of words are adverbs employed to modify? (10) What class do the great majority of adverbs modify? (11) State the manner in which a few of them are employed. (12) Enumerate the three classes into which adverbs may be divided in reference to the kind of words which they modify.