instance by a complementary adjective making a predicate, such as can rationally be asserted of the subject chosen.

(14) The neuter verb become is generally modified in the same manner. It is always completed either by an adjective or by a noun, and never stands as the complete predicate.

(15) Examples of Become, with an adjective complementary. That man becomes old; The boy has become impatient; James will become learned; That nation has become powerful; John has become generous; &c. The verb grow is similarly modified, as, The field grows green; The boy grows large; &c.

Many other neuter verbs are completed in the same manner, though not so frequently as the verbs we have just noticed. (16) Amongst those thus occasionally completed, we may enumerate the following: Look, seem, feel, taste, smell, blow, shine, remove, stand, continue, &c. Some of these words are used both as active and as neuter verbs. We have concern with them here only in their neuter signification. We subjoin examples of some of these verbs, accompanied by a complementary adjective. EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS.-Mary looks cold. William seems disappointed. Black feels rough, white feels smooth. Honey tastes sweet. Roses smell fragrant. The wind blows soft. The moon shone bright. The work remains unfinished. The door stands open. The weather continues stormy. We take the following examples from D'Orsey. The first is altered from the imperative to the assertive form:

"Half the women would have fallen

He looks big. "He turns pale." sick." "A miser grows rich by seeming poor; an extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich." "Dappled horses turn white." "They all shall war old." "This horror will grow mild."

"With what eyes could we

Stand in his presence humble," &c.

(17) After look and seem the infinitive to be might be supplied without injury to the sense, and some may choose to take this mode of analyzing the propositions in which these verbs occur, followed by an adjective; say. ing, in such cases, that they are completed by the verb to be suppressed, and considering the adjective as complementary of the suppressed infinitive. We have no objection to this course. We believe the infinitive necessary to the full expression of the assertion. But when this is once understood, we consider it unnecessary on every occasion to supply the omitted infinitive.

(14) What is said in reference to the verb become? (15) Give examples.

(16) Enumerate some of the neuter verbs which admit of the same kind of modification. [(17) What is said in reference to the analysis of the propositions in which the verbs look and seem occur?

(18) This remark will not apply to most of the other verbs enumerated. The introduction of the infinitive to be between the verb and adjective is inadmissible, as it would mar the sense.

(19) We must be careful to distinguish this species of modification from the adverbial modification to be considered presently. The adjective in the case before us expresses an attribute pertaining to the subject in connection with the predicate, or together with the verb expresses the condition of the subject; the adverb expresses only the manner of the action of the verb, or some circumstance affecting the assertion in general, as of time, place, &c. Or, in other words, an attribute of the action asserted, not of the subject itself of which it is asserted. A few examples will render this more clear: John feels warm, and John feels warmly. The wind blows soft; The wind blows softly. A wind that is not soft may blow SOFTLY; but none, except a wind possessing the attribute expressed by soft, can truly be said to blow SOFT. William looks proud, and William looks proudly on the result of his persevering efforts. That lady looks cold, and That lady looks coldly on the gentleman by her side. In all these cases, the difference between the adjective and adverb is plain enough. (d)

EXERCISE. After the analysis of the above examples, the learner may construct a given number of propositions with the verbs enumerated above, containing examples of the adjective complementary appropriately employed with these verbs.

§ 69. THE ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTARY OF THE ACTIVE VERB. -We now pass on to consider the adjective complementary of the ACTIVE verb.

(d) We may remark that active verbs sometimes seem to take an adjective complementary, having reference like the adjective complementary of the neuter verb to the subject noun. Examples of what we mean may be found in such expressions as, John spends his time thoughtless of the purposes of existence. There are three ways in which thoughtless and its modifications might be here regarded; 1st, as a descriptive adjective, modifying John the subject noun; 2d, as an adjective adverbially used, expressing manner and modifying the predicate; or, 3d, as an adjective complementary, expressing an attribute applicable to John in the mode of spending his time. This last we think the true analysis. Constructions of this kind are seldom used. This is altogether unlike the adjective complementary of the active verb, which affects not the subject noun but the objective modification.

(18) Will the remark in regard of the verbs look and seem apply to the other verbs above enumerated? Repeat the substance of the illustration.

(19) Repeat the substance of the remarks in reference to the distinction between an adjective complementary modification and an adverbial modification.]

(1) This complement is very similar to the NOUN complementary of the active verb. (2) The difference is this: when the noun complementary is used, we intimate that the passive object becomes something substantive by the action expressed by the verb; on the contrary, when the adjective complementary is used, we intimate that the passive object becomes possessed of some property or attribute, through the action expressed by the verb. (3) When allowance is made for this difference, nearly all that we have said in reference to the noun complementary will apply to the adjective complementary of the active verb.

(4) It will be observed that here the adjective does not, as when employed with the neuter verb, express the condition of the SUBJECT as affected by the action indicated by the verb, but the condition of the passive object under the influence of the action indicated by the active verb. (5) It expresses the complement of the action which affects the passive object. For example, Virtue renders life HAPPY. Here happy expresses the condition of life, as influenced by the action of virtue, or a property of which life becomes possessed through the action asserted of virtue. Happy thus completes renders. (6) The complete action asserted here of virtue is rendering happy, and this action has for its objective modification life-the word expressing that to which the complete action, "rendering happy," is in this assertion limited or directed.

We submit a number of examples of the adjective complementary of the active verb, in order that this construction may be more perfectly understood.

"We call the proud HAPPY." ANALYSIS. After going through the analysis in the usual manner till we come to the modifications attached to the verb, we say the verb call is here modified by the complementary adjective

§ 69. (1) To what other form of complement is the adjective complementary of the ac tive verb said to be similar? (2) What is the only difference between these two modifications? (3) Will what has been said of the one apply to the other?

(4) Repeat what is said of the distinction between the adjective used with the neuter and with the active verb. (5) What does the adjective used with the active verb express! Illustrate by an examplo. (6) Continue the illustration.

happy, and the predicate (thus completed) calling happy is further modified by the objective modification proud, which is an adjective used substantively.

REMARK.-The learner may follow this model as regards the construction we are considering, giving the full analysis of all the propositions which we are about to adduce as examples.

Oppression "Thou

"All nations shall call him BLESSED." "Make us GLAD." 66 maketh a wise man MAD." "Hope deferred maketh the heart SICK.' makest the earth soFT with showers." Men call the prosperous HAPPY; Oh, when will they learn to think the virtuous alone HAPPY? The true philosopher accounts the good man HAPPY. "Leave the lily pale, and tinge the

violet blue." This struck me dumb.

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(7) The usual place of the adjective complementary of the active verb is, like the noun complementary, after the objective modification, as in the examples now given. (8) But it is sometimes placed between the verb and the objective modification, especially when the objective is accompanied by modifications. (9) This will be seen in the following example. "The streams whereof shall make GLAD the city of God." Here, because the noun city" is modified by the noun and preposition "of God," which a regard to perspicuity forbids to be separated from it, the complementary adjective "glad" is more conveniently placed first. (10) A complementary adjective is sometimes employed with the verb make, and the expression so formed employed absolutely without the limitation of an objective modification. For example: The hand of the diligent maketh rich." (11) The force of the complementary adjective is perhaps better seen in this example. (12) It is manifestly here a complement of the verb, and not a mere modification of the objective of the verb, as grammarians have very generally considered it, when in company with an objective. (13) We might multiply at pleasure examples of the use of complementary adjectives with the verb make. Such as, "Make thee plenteous." 'Make thy way prosperous." "Make themselves clean." "God made man upright." "Make manifest the counsel of the heart." Here the complementary adjective comes before the objective noun, because the objective “counsel” is accompanied by the modifying words "of the heart."

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(14) As in the case of the noun complementary of the active verb, so in

(7) What is the usual place of the adjective complementary of the active verb in the arrangement of a proposition? (8) Where is it sometimes placed, and for what reason? (9) Illustrate by an example. (10) Repeat what is said in reference to a complementary adjective employed with the verb make; and give examples. (11) Repeat the remark on this example. (12) What is the adjective manifestly in such examples? (18) Adduce more examples of the verb make thus completed.

(14) What word seems to be often implied in these constructions?

WISE.

the case of an adjective used after an active verb, the infinitive TO BE seems often to be implied in the construction. (15) Thus, We thought him We considered him PRUDENT. They found him INCAPABLE, or IGNORANT, or FOOLISH, or HONEST, &c. (16) These expressions may be considered, and may be treated in analysis, as abbreviated for We thought him TO BE wise, &c. And then the pronoun him with the verb TO BE, having wise for its complementary adjective, will be noun and infinitive contracted accessory, complementary of the verbs to think, &c. (See § 97: 14.)

(17) As in the case of the noun complementary of the active verb, these adjectives complementary of the active verb are retained when the passive form of expression is employed. (18) They may then be called adjectives complementary of the passive verb. (19) Thus, The Athenians called Aristides JUST, becomes in the passive form, Aristides was called JUST by the Athenians. (20) The remarks made already in regard to the noun complementary employed with passive verbs, will apply, without much change, to the adjective thus employed. (See § 59.) (a)

It will be proper to bring all these kindred forms of the noun and the adjective complementary together, that their close similarity of character may be exhibited more clearly to the learner. The arrangement of these complements, which we are about to present, will also serve the purpose of fixing them more strongly in the memory of the young grammarian. (21) We have, then, The noun complementary of the NEUTER verb, the noun complementary of the ACTIVE verb, and the noun complementary of the PASSIVE verb. We have, in like manner, the adjective complementary of the NEUTER verb, the adjective complementary of the ACTIVE verb, and the adjective comple

(a) There is a manner of employing adjectives after verbs, especially prevalent in poetry, which perhaps has originated in an insensible extension of the construction we are now considering; and which we may call for the sake of distinction, the adjective adverbially employed. We have examples in the following lines of Thompson:

""Tis done! dread Winter spreads his latest glooms,

And reigns tremendous o'er the conquered Year."

Here "tremendous" expresses the manner of Winter's reigning over the Year; and this is the function of an adverb.

(15) Illustrate by examples. (16) How may the expressions given as examples be treated in analysis?

(17) What happens when the passive form of expressing such assertions is used? (18) How may the adjective be called, when the passive form is used? (19) Illustrate by examples. (20) What remarks apply in this case?

(21) Enumerate the various species of the noun complementary and of the adjective complementary, and give an example of each from the table.