limit the united adjective and noun. (21) Nouns modified by a noun adjectively employed expressive of the material of which an object is made, or, as some consider them in this use, adjectives expressing the material, are often, together with their more intimate complement, modified by an additional adjective. For example, An [expensive (yold watch.)] A beautiful marble statue. An elegant silver lamp, &c. (22) Many examples might be given in which the more intimate modification is an adjective expressing the country in which an article is produced or manufactured. A superb French clock; a valuable English watch; A beautiful Turkish carpet; An elegant Etruscan vase, &c. (23) The following are examples of a different class: A rich gilded ceiling; The beautiful blue sky.

(24) The learner should remark that the practice of suppressing the conjunction between adjectives which are really intended as distinct modifications of a noun is common, especially with the poets. For example, The deep blue sea. This does not mean the blue sea which is deep, but the sea which is both blue and deep. "The deep unclouded sky," meaning the sky which is both deep and unclouded.

(25) There is another construction, often employed by the poets, which must be distinguished from those mentioned above. This is the use of an adjective adverbially to modify another adjective. (26) This poetic use may be illustrated by the following example: "The deep-rooted mountains," E&c.

Here the word deep (generally employed as a descriptive adjective) modifies neither mountains taken separately nor the combined words rooted mountains. It is not implied by the expression that the mountains are deep, nor that the rooted mountains are deep, but that the mountains are deep-rooted, equivalent to deeply rooted. Consequently, deep performs the function of modifying an adjective—a function usually ascribed exclusively to adverbs.

(27) We may also remark, that descriptive adjectives have, in many cases, become so united with nouns as to form with them one word. Such words may be treated in analysis as nouns, or compound nouns. We have examples in smallcraft, blackberry, blackbird, whitelead, whitewash, &c.

(28) The functions of participles are the same as those of descriptive

peat what is said about nouns modified by a noun adjectively employed? Illustrate by an example. (22) Of what might numerous examples be given? (23) Give examples in which the more intimate modification is not expressive of country.

(24) What fact is the learner warned to remark? Illustrate by examples.

(25) Mention another distinct purpose for which adjectives are used by the poets. (26)

Illustrate this poetic use fully by an example.

(27) State what is said of compound words formed of an adjective and a noun modified by it. Illustrate by examples.

(28) What is said of the functions of participles, or verbal adjectives?]

adjectives. We subjoin a few examples for analysis. We mark, as usual, the words which the learner should now be able to analyze.

EXERCISE I.-Wise men profit by the sad experience of fools. Idle boys seldom become useful men. The white rose was the emblem of the house of York. The red rose was the emblem of the house of Lancaster.

"Our dying friends come o'er us like a cloud To damp our brainless ardors."

"Now morn, her rosy steps in the eastern clime Advancing, sowed the earth with orient pearl."

EXERCISES II., III., &c.—A given number of propositions containing examples of descriptive adjectives.

§ 67. (1) We have already had occasion to notice incidentally that adjectives are frequently employed substantively; we must here bring this fact more directly under the consideration of the learner. (2) The largest class of adjectives substantively employed, are those with which the noun men, or persons, &c., is implied. (3) Such are the rich, the poor, the wise, the learned, the rude, the vulgar, the noble, the good, the virtuous, the vicious, the just, the pious, &c., &c., equivalent to rich men, poor men, &c. (4) No other noun is suppressed with such words except men or persons, and hence, by conventional usage, they serve the double function of denoting objects, and, at the same time, qualifying them, or, in other words, they signify objects with an accompanying and distinguishing property. (5) In such cases the property or qualification, is that which is most important -that which is intended to be expressed with emphasis. (6) Such terms are all concrete, they are used to denote substances, not abstract properties. (a)

(a) See more on this class of adjectives employed substantively, in Ex. Gram. Struct. Eng. Lang., p. 264, note.

We must not omit to remark here, that numerous instances of adjec tives used substantively, a singular noun being suppressed, may be found in the authorised version of the Scriptures. Take the following as examples: "So the poor hath hope." "The wicked borroweth and payeth not again; but the righteous sheweth mercy, and giveth," &c. Here the singular noun man, is obviously to be supplied. This employment of descriptive adjec tives to represent singular, as well as plural, concrete nouns is rarely, if ever, to be found in modern writers.

§ 67. [(1) To what fact is the attention of the learner here called? (2) What is said of the largest class of adjectives employed substantively? (8) Mention a number of examples. (4) What noun is always suppressed after adjectives thus employed? And what double function do these adjectives serve? (5) What is remarked of the qualification expressed by the adjective in such contracted forms of expression? (6) To which class of nouns do such terms belong?

(7) There is another class of adjectives substantively employed, which, unlike those already mentioned, are singular nouns. They are also entitled to be classed as abstract nouns, since they do not denote substances, but properties or attributes contemplated separately from the objects or substances with which they co-exist. (8) We subjoin examples: The sublime, the beautiful, the infinite, the finite, the ridiculous, the pathetic, the vast, the profound, &c. (9) These are generally philosophical terms.

(10) It will be observed that with these, as with the class already considered, the determinative THE is invariably employed. This is essential in the employment of all adjectives in either of these ways in English.

(11) Should the same adjective happen to be used in both these ways, as a concrete plural noun, and as an abstract singular noun, it would create ambiguity. (12) The adjective beautiful, is very commonly used in the latter way, and sometimes, we think, the beautiful is used in the first way to mean persons possessed of beauty. This use of the word is rare, and it seldom happens that any of the adjectives used as abstract singular nouns are the same which are used as concrete plurals.

(13) In analysis the concretes may be treated as adjectives, the learner supplying the suppressed noun; or, more briefly, they may be classed as adjectives substantively used-concrete plurals. (14) The abstracts must be treated as adjectives used as abstract nouns, since, in their case, there is really no original suppression of a noun. They are adjectives employed to express a new abstract conception, which had no previous name. It would generally prove a vain search to attempt to find a suppressed noun.

(15) Both these forms of expression are often employed both as subject nouns of propositions, and to perform some of the modifying functions. We subjoin a few examples for analysis.

EXERCISE I.—To despise the poor becomes not the rich. The proud are hated by their fellow-men. The vain are despised by the wise. "He taketh the wise in their own craftiness; the counsel of the froward is carried headlong." The simple are the prey of the crafty. "The prudent are crowned with knowledge." "The light of the righteous rejoiceth; the lamp of the wicked shall be put out." There is but a single step from the sublime to the

(7) In what two respects does another class of adjectives substantively employed differ from those just considered? (8) Give examples. (9) Repeat the remark under No. 9.

(10) In what are adjectives thus employed like the last class? What is essential to adjectives employed in both ways?

(11) What would happen were the same adjective employed in both ways? (12) Name an adjective perhaps used both ways.

(18) How may the concrete class of these words be treated in analysis? (14) How must the abstracts be treated? and assign the reasons.

(15) How are both kinds of words employed?]

ridiculous. The finite cannot comprehend the infinite. “To the sublime in building, greatness of dimensions seems requisite." "The ideas of the sublime and the beautiful stand on foundations so different,” &c.

EXERCISES II., III., &c.-Form propositions having their subjects completed by descriptive adjectives. IV., V., &c. Form propositions having objective or other modifications, consisting of nouns completed by descriptive adjectives.

68. 2d. We now proceed to consider the second general function of descriptive adjectives, namely, that of completing verbs. (1) We may call this the predicative use of the adjec tive. (a) (2) This function of the descriptive adjective, is exactly similar to that of the noun complementary of the verb. (3) Like the noun complementary, the adjective is attached to neuter and to active and to passive verbs. (4) If the learner bears in mind what has been said of the noun complementary of the neuter and active verbs, it will assist him much in comprehending what we shall say in reference to adjectives employed to complete verbs; that is, to complete the part of the predicate expressed in the verbs. (5) For it will be remembered that, as in the case of all other complements of verbs, it is not the verb as an assertive word, but the verb as expressing (what it always does) the leading part of the predicate which is affected by the complement. (6) In other words, it is not the copula, but the predicate, which in all cases is affected by modification. (7) Hence, as we have before said, verbal nouns and verbal adjectives take the same complements or modifications as the verb or assertive word itself.

(8) To mark the close-analogy between the descriptive adjec tive, used to complete the predicate, and the noun employed for

(a) See Structure of Language, pp. 266–7, note.

§ 68. (1) What may the second function of adjectives be called? (2) To what is this function of the descriptive adjective similar? (3) In what is it like the noun complementary? (4) Repeat the suggestion to the learner. (5) What is it in the verb that is affected by this and by other complements? (6) Express the same thing in other words. (7) What follows from this in reference to verbal nouns and verbal adjectives?

(S) Repeat substantially the motives which have influenced us in choosing a name for

the same purpose, and at the same time to assist the memory of the learner, by introducing as much simplicity and clearness as possible in classification and in nomenclature, we give names to these adjective modifications of the verb, similar to those which we gave to nouns used to complete verbs. (9) We call them THE ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTARY OF THE NEUTER VERB, THE ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTARY OF THE ACTIVE VERB, and THE ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTARY OF THE PASSIVE VERB. (b)

THE ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENTARY OF THE NEUTER VERB. (10) This complement is most extensively employed with the verb TO BE. (11) We subjoin a few examples: The steward is faithful; The boy is industrious; The fields are green; The weather is warm; Vanity is contemptible; Pride is detestable; Industry is commendable. (12) We need not multiply examples, since this is one of the most common forms of construction in all languages. (c)

(13) All that is necessary to be said in analysis in reference to the adjective in a construction of this kind is, that the verb, for example in the proposition The man is ignorant, is modified or completed by the complementary adjective ignorant. When the learner has become familiar with these terms, he may omit complementary, and after having given the usual account of the subject noun and verb, simply add that the verb is completed by the adjective—naming the adjective which occurs in the particular case.

EXERCISE I. II. &c.-Supply a given number of written propositions formed with the verb to be in its several tenses, accompanied in each

(b) We omit the term descriptive before the adjective, as in this case unnecessary; though it will be remembered, that rarely any other than a descriptive adjective is used in this way.

(c) For remarks on adjectives thus used with the verb to be, see Ex. Gram. Struct. Eng. Language, p. 268.

this species of modification. (9) What is the name by which we distinguish this kind of modifications in reference to the classes of verbs to which they are applied?

(10) With what verb is the adjective complementary of neuter verbs chiefly employed? (11) Give oxamples. (12) Why is it unnecessary for us to multiply examples?

(18) Repeat the substance of the direction in reference to the analysis of this species of modification.