&e. Here, In the beginning, expresses no inherent modification of the action of creating, but rather completes the whole assertion, God created the heaven and the earth. The boy wrote on Saturday to his father. Here on Saturday does not modify writing, as the words in a beautiful manner modify or describe writing, when we say, The boy writes in a beautiful manner.

(12) To distinguish this species of noun and preposition modifications, we may call them circumstantial modifications. The modifications of time, distance, &c., considered in the next section, as well as many of the adverbs, belong to this class. We shall have more to say on this subject when we come to treat of the adverbs.

It may not be necessary, perhaps, on account of this distinction, to recognise a class of modifications affecting the whole assertion contained in a proposition, and not the separate parts of the proposition, since some might contend that in all the examples given above it is the predicate which is affected. It will be sufficient, when such a case occurs, to notice that the modification is of the circumstantial class.

(13) It will be observed that as these circumstantial modifications affect the general assertion, it is not so necessary to indicate their connection with the verb, by the position assigned to them in the proposition. Accordingly, nouns and prepositions, as well as adverbs employed to express eircumstances, are often arranged far from the verb; sometimes, as when they express time or order, in the beginning of the proposition. (14) Such circumstantial modifications are often separated by interpunction from the rest of the proposition.

§ 64. When we entered on the consideration of the prepositions, we reserved a class of modifications formed by nouns, which require some reference to the noun and preposition modification in explaining them. We now return to these, and so finish all that we have to say about nouns employed for the purpose of modifying verbs and other nouns.

THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME, VALUE, WEIGHT, MEASURE(1) Nouns which express time, especially the duration of time, value, weight, measure, including all the dimensions, are employed without the help of a preposition to express a modification

(12) How do we distinguish this species of modifications? to this species.

Mention some which belong

(13) Repeat what is said in reference to the arrangement of circumstantial modifications. (14) What is said of separating circumstantial modifications by interpunction ?]

§ 64. (1) Mention the classes of nouns employed without a preposition to express what

equivalent to the noun and preposition modification. (2) Nouns expressing a complement of this kind are commonly said to be in the accusative or objective case, and in every such complement, most grammarians suppose that the suppression of a preposition occurs. (3) When a modification of this kind is formed, the learner may say that the verb is modified or completed by an accusative of time, of value, &c., as the case may be.

: (4) We may add to these the word home. When this now is used to modify a verb signifying motion to-no preposition is employed with it. In other words, the preposition to is not employed with the noun home. It is not correct to say, Go to home, He came to home, but Go home, He came home. In all other cases, except when motion to is expressed, we employ a preposition with this word, as we would with other names of place; as, He goes from home, He comes from home, He is at home. We do not say, He is IN home.

We give a few examples of this kind of modifications, accompanying them with illustrative remarks. The examples may be used by the learner as an exercise in analysis.

EXAMPLES.-1st. (5) OF THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME. TIME HOW LONG.Moses dwelt forty years in the land of Midian. That man has resided thirty years in the United States. He has lived seven years in London. David reigned seven years in Hebron. TIME WHEN.-John arrived this morning. That act was passed last year. He will come to town next week. (6) When we name a particular day of the week, or of the month, we usually employ with it the preposition on; He arrived on Thursday. He went away on the first day of May. (7) When we designate the particular year, we employ the preposition IN, thus, In the year 1854. Where 1854 may be considered as performing the function of a noun-the proper name of the year, and year a noun in apposition with it.

2d. (8) ACCUSATIVE OF VALUE-The only verb after which this is used,

is equivalent to a noun and preposition modification. (2) In what case is a noun said to be when thus employed, and what suppression is supposed to occur? (8) What may we call such modifications?

(4) Repeat what is said of the word home, with the examples and illustrations. [(5) Repeat a few of the examples of the accusative of time.

(6) What construction do we use when we name a particular day of the week, or of the month? Give example. (7) What when we designate the particular year?

(8) After what verb is the accusative of value or price used? Give examples.

we believe, is cost. This book cost six shillings, John's knife cost seven shillings, &c. (9) Besides the accusative of the price, another accusative of the quantity-weight or measure-is often used to modify the verb cost. For example, Flour costs five dollars a barrel. That tea costs six shillings a pound. Wheat costs seven shillings a bushel. That cloth costs twenty-five shillings a yard.

3d (10) ACCUSATIVE OF WEIGHT.-This is used after the verb weigh. The bale weighs one hundred pounds. You weigh one hundred and eighty pounds.

4th. (11) ACCUSATIVE OF MEASURE.-This is used after the verb measure employed intransitively and after extends. This field measures ten acres. The piece of cloth measures twenty yards. (12) We do not recommend these forms of expression as pure English, though, we believe, they are in common colloquial use. In writing we would certainly adopt another form of expression, and avoid the neuter use of the verb measure. (13) This road extends a mile, &c.

(14) The accusative of the measure of distance, or what may be more briefly called, the accusative of distance, is used after the numerous verbs which express the different ways of movement from place to place. Examples: (15) I walked five miles this morning. He rides fifty miles a day. The ship sailed twelve knots an hour. They travelled a great distance. We drove ten miles. In most of these examples, there is an accusative of time besides the accusative of distance.(a)

EXERCISE I., II., III., &c.—A given number of propositions with accusatives of time, &c., as complements.

(a) For a more full discussion of these accusatives of time, value, &c., see our larger work, § 84, notes.

(9) Tell what second accusative is used after cost, and give examples.

(10) After what verb is an accusative of weight employed? Examples.

(11) What verbs does the accusative of measure follow? Give examples of the verb measure with accusative of measure. (12) What is said of the form of expression, the field measures ten acres? (18) Give example with the verb extends.

(14) What is remarked in reference to the accusative of distance? (15) Give examples of the accusative of distance used with various verbs.]

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CHAPTER VI.

OF ADJECTIVES.

§ 65. (1) We pass now from that class of modifications which consists wholly or partly of nouns to those which are effected by words, invented and employed exclusively for the purpose of modification. Here the adjectives claim our first attention.

OF ADJECTIVES. (2) The adjectives rank next to the nouns and verbs in importance. (3) They have received the name of ADJECTIVE, because they are intended for the purpose of being ADJECTED, or added to a principal word to determine, limit, describe, or qualify it; or, to use the more general expression, which we employ as including all these purposes, to modify it (4) The adjective may be considered the chief modifier.

(5) We divide the adjectives into two classes, which we shall call descriptive adjectives (des. a.), and determinative adjectives (det. a.) (6) The descriptive adjectives are by far the most numerous class, and, besides, the easiest to explain. (7) We shall consider them first, as a knowledge of their use will prepare the way for the better understanding of the determinatives. (a)

(a) It will be observed that we have not treated the participles as distinct class of adjectives. The reason is that, except when employed in

$65. (1) Repeat the introductory remark.

(2) How do the adjectives rank in importance?

(3) Tell the reason assigned for giving this class of words the name ADJECTIVE. (4) How may the adjective be considered?

(5) Into what classes are the adjectives divided? (6) What is said of the descriptive adjectives? (7) What reason is assigned for considering them first?

DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES. - (8) The name descriptive is given to this class of words because they describe an object by some quality or property attributed to it or asserted of it. (9) These words, by some called adjective nouns, are, like the abstract nouns, the names of qualities, properties, attributes of objects, but they are not, like the abstract nouns, employed as the subjects of propositions. (10) To illustrate this by an example, goodness is an abstract noun, the name of a moral quality, and can be employed as the subject of a proposition, Goodness is one of the divine attributes. Or it can be employed in modifying other nouns by the help of a preposition, as, A man of goodness. But good, also the name of the same moral quality, can only be used adjectively, and in connection with a principal word to which it is adjected, which it describes, or modifies.

(11) It cannot, like the noun goodness, be used as the subject of a proposition. We can assert nothing of it. (12) We find indeed such propositions as, The good alone are happy, but it is obvious that the good is in this proposition an abbreviated expression for good men, good persons, or good people. Either men, or persons, or some noun of similar meaning, is manifestly implied. (13) To assert of what we understand by the term good, considered alone, that it is happy, would be absurd. (14) When considered as a mere word without reference to its meaning, we can employ it as the subject of such propositions as the

forming compound tenses, as already described, and in performing the part of predicates in contracted accessory propositions to be described hereafter, they differ nothing in their functions from descriptive adjectives. The difference between them and common descriptive adjectives is in meaning. The adjectives express qualities inherent in objects, the participles express actions attributively of which the noun they modify represents either the agent or the recipient or passive object. The participles of that very peculiar (peculiar as to significance) verb to be may perhaps be regarded as forming an exception. See more on participles, Struct. of Lang,, p. 255, note.

(8) Why is the name descriptive given to this class of words?

(9) In what are the descriptive adjectives like, and in what unlike, abstract nouns? (10) Illustrate this by an example. (11) What farther is said of the adjective good? (12) What is said in reference to the good in such an assertion as The good alone are happy? (18) Can we assert any thing of good alone in its proper sense? (14) Repeat the remark in re