verb-the accusative or the dative? For example-The instructor gave him a book. (15) Here it is manifest that the objective modification BOOK, comes first in sense, though it stands last in the order of arrangement. It is not gave alone, but gave a book, that is restricted, limited, or, to use the more general term, modified by the dative HIM. (16) It is perfectly obvious, when the same function is performed by the word him, preceded by the preposition to, that the objective modification comes first in the sequence of sense, as it then does, also, in the order of arrangement; The instructor gave a book TO HIM; here gave a book is limited by to him. (17) So, also, in reference to all noun and preposition modifications following active verbs with objective modifications. First, as regards sense, the verb is modified by the objective, and then the compound expression, made up of the verb and the objective noun, is modified by the noun with a preposition.

(18) So far, then, as regards those forms of modification of the verb already considered, the regular sequence in reference to sense is, that the complementary noun, when there is one in the construction, has the closest connection with the verb, and the expression formed by the verb and it comes under the influence of the modifications superadded. The objective noun comes next in the order of sense, and all other forms of modification, such as datives and nouns with prepositions, &c., affect the expression made up of the verb and objective noun; or, in case there is present a complementary noun as well as an objective noun, affect the expression made up of the verb, the complementary noun, and the objective noun.

(19) We shall be able hereafter, without difficulty or tedious explanation, to apply these remarks in noticing the sequence of the several forms of modification which remain to be treated. For the same order of sense may be traced, and ought to be carefully traced, in all cases, not only when we attach modifications consisting of words or phrases, but also when we employ accessory propositions to modify the subject or predicate of the principal proposition.

(20) Such is the mode in which the most complicated propositions are built up-such is their structure or CONSTRUCTION. We lay the foundation with the SUBJECT NOUN and the VERB. To each of these we add the first complements necessary to qualify them (to express more exactly our mean

tions; and furnish example. (15) Which of these modifications comes first in sense? Illustrate by example. (16) Illustrate by the case in which the dative function is performed by the pronoun preceded by the particle to. (17) How is it in reference to the sequence of the noun and preposition and objective modifications?

(18) Repeat what is said by way of recapitulation.

(19) Repeat the substance of the remark under No. 19. (20) Repeat the substance of the remark under No. 20.

ing); and to what we have thus constructed, still other complements, one after another, till we have completed the intended structure; just as in erecting a house, we commence with the foundation, and add stone after stone, not to the foundation alone, but to the part of the structure already raised, till the whole is finished.

(21) We must not, however, be understood as asserting that every mo dification is added to the whole structure already laid. (22) Often, as we shall presently see, a principal word is affected by two or more co-ordinate modifications or complements, sometimes with a connective indicating co-ordination between them, both standing in the same relation to the principal word, but entirely independent of each other's influence, and not, as in the examples above noticed, the modification last applied affecting the principal word as already modified by the other.

We have now enumerated and considered all the modifications (so far as we know) which consist of a noun separately employed, whether in its original or in its inflected forms, with the exception of a few modifications, which we purposely reserve, till in the next section we have prepared the way for their easier explanation.

(21) Repeat the caution given under No. 21. (22) Illustrate the caution.]

CHAPTER V.

OF PREPOSITIONS.

y 62. (1) Hitherto our attention has been confined to the two great classes of words which form the fundamental parts of every proposition-the verb and the noun-the noun employed as subject noun, and the noun employed in the several ministering functions which it performs, without the aid of other words, in modifying both verbs and nouns.

SITIONS.

(2) We now introduce a class of words employed exclusively for the purpose of modification, called by grammarians PREPO(3) This Latin name preposition indicates what is placed before. (4) It has been given to this class of words because, at least in one of their functions, they are placed (in Latin almost always, and very generally in other languages) before the noun which, with them, forms a complex modification of some principal word.

(5) As the prepositions are comparatively few in number, we subjoin a list of the words generally recognised as belonging to this class, that the learner may have it under his eye in following our remarks. It would, perhaps, save time and labor in his future studies in grammatical analysis to commit this short list of words carefully to memory.

§ 62. (1) Repeat the substance of the introductory remark.

(2) What new class of words is now introduced? (3) What does the name preposition indicate? (4) Why has this name been given to the words of this class?

(5) What reason is assigned for giving a list of prepositions?

(6) A LIST OF THE WORDS GENERALLY CLASSED AS PREPOSITIONS.-A-bout, A-bove, A-cross, After, A-gainst, A-long, A-mid, A-midst, A-mong, A-mongst, A-round, At, A-thwart, Be-fore, Behind, Be-low, Be-neath, Be-side, Be-sides, Be-tween, Be-twixt, Be-yond, By, Down, For, From, In, In-to, Of, Off, On, Over, Round, Since, Through, Through-out, Till, To, To-ward, Towards, Under, Under-neath, Un-til, Un-to, Up, Up-on, With, With-in, With-out.

(7) We may add to these a, a corruption of on, in, un, sometimes of of; and o' still used before the noun clock (and for merly before other nouns) as equivalent to of, or, perhaps, sometimes on, and pronounced nearly like a, the preposition. On and in are equivalent in Anglo-Saxon, or, perhaps, rather in is merely a variation of on. (a)

(8) The words enumerated above perform three distinct functions in our language. (9) We do not mean that each of them severally performs these three functions, but that there are three functions performed by the class taken together; of these functions some perform perhaps but one, some two, and some again all three.

1st. (10) Many of them, together with certain other words never used separately, and therefore called inseparable prepositions, are used in form ing compound words. (11) They are prefixed to verbs, nouns, adjectives, and to other prepositions, and in this case generally modify the signification of these words. (12) We have examples in down-fall, for-give, in-still, offspring, on-set, over-flow, under-stand, up-hold, with-draw, &c., and in several of the prepositions in the list above, of which the component parts are separted by a hyphen. (13) It will be observed that many of the above list are compounds of a, contracted or corrupted from on, and be, a form of by

(a) See Ex. Gram. Struct. Eng. Lang, p. 234, note.

(6) Repeat the list of prepositions; first the simple prepositions, and afterwards the compound marked by a hypen (-).

(7) Repeat the remarks made in reference to the prepositions a and o'.

[(8) How many distinct functions do these words perform? (9) Repeat the remark în reference to their performance of these functions.

(10) What is the first-mentioned use of these words, and what other words are employed for a similar purpose? (11) To what kind of words are they prefixed to form compounds? (12) Illustrate by examples. (15) Repeat the remark about compound prepositions.

united with other words, generally nouns or adjectives; as, a-cross, a-long, a-midst, a-round, be-hind, be-side, &c.(b)

2d. (14) Some of these prepositions are employed alone, and as separate words to modify verbs. (15) (In this case some say that the preposition is used adverbially). (16) We have examples in such expressions as Keep OFF, equivalent to Keep at a distance; Come ON; He walks or rides ABOUT; Cast up accounts; "I keep under my body.”(c)

3d. (17) The third function of these words is, when united with a noun they serve as a modification to a verb, or to another noun, sometimes, as we shall see hereafter, to an adjective. (18) This use is common to all these words, and is that from which their name is derived, because they are most commonly placed before the accompanying noun. It is the use chiefly regarded in our treatises on grammar, the only use recognised in much that is taught concerning these words.

(19) A preposition and noun thus employed, we shall call the NOUN and PREPOSITION MODIFICATION or complement. (20) This form when applied to a noun we may call noun and preposition modn. of a noun; and when applied to a verb, noun and preposition modn. of a verb. (21) We believe that all the words in our list of prepositions may be employed in company with nouns in forming modifications for verbs; but some of them cannot be so employed in forming modifications of nouns.(d)

(22) The preposition most frequently employed in forming a modification of nouns is of. (23) This preposition, followed by a noun, expresses nearly the same meaning as the genitive case modification, already considered. Thus, The hopes of man, and Man's hopes, are equivalent expressions. So of The reward of virtue, and Virtue's reward, &c.

(b) In fact, when we have removed all the compounds formed by the union of a preposition with words of other classes, and by the union of two prepositions from the list presented above, the number remaining is very small. We have rendered the distinction between the simple and compound prepositions visible to the eye of the learner, by separating the component parts of those certainly known to be compound by a hyphen. (c) See Gram. Struc. Eng. Lang., pp. 235, '6, note.

(d) See as above, p. 237, notes.

(14) Describe the second way in which these words are employed. (15) What is this use of a preposition commonly called? (16) Illustrate by examples.

(17) What is the third function which these words perform? (18) Repeat what is said in reference to this function.

(19) What name do we give to this form of modification? (20) What distinction in reference to the kind of words to which this modification is applied? (21) Repeat the remark under No. (21).

(22) Which preposition is most frequently employed in forming a modification of nouns! (23) Repeat what is said of the modification made with of, and illustrate by an example.