verbs generally take after them an infinitive without the particle to; bid, dare (=presume), feel, hear, let, make, need, see; and sometimes, behold, have, know, observe, perceive. (21) Examples: I bid him tell. I dare go. I feel it. move. I heard him say. He lets him do it, &c. (b) Most of these verbs take the complementary infinitive, to be considered presently, § 59 : 14.

EXERCISE L—Examples of the objective infinitive for analysis. John hopes to succeed. George wishes to learn. That man desires to overcome his rivals. They sought to enter the gate. Boys expect to become men. The farmer's son began to plough. The rain ceased to fall. Justice ought to prevail. John dared not attempt that work. Seek to secure virtue's rewards. He learned to restrain his passions. That man pretends to be a patriot.

EXERCISE II., III., &c.-Let the learner form a given number of propositions containing examples of this construction.

[EXERCISE IV.-Examples of the infinitive of purpose.

You live to eat.

We eat to live. She stoops to conquer. Men came to scoff. He rose to address the multitude. Men labor to gain wealth. Multitudes came to see him. EXAMPLES of verbs modified by both objective noun and infinitive of purpose. We sent JOHN TO BRING the letters. James called ME TO TELL me the news. They invited HIM TO SHOW him attention. They invited HIM TO TAKE part in their deliberations.

REMARK.—It may be observed that the first and last examples are different from the rest. In the other examples the infinitives express an action to be performed by the subject of the proposition, but in these the infinitive expresses an action to be performed by the person designated as object direct, or passive object of the verb. They invited HIM for to take a part-in order that he might take a part, &c. All these infinitives may be considered as abbreviated accessory propositions; thus, you live TO EAT = you live, that YOU MAY EAT; and so of the rest.

EXERCISE V., VI., &c.-Construct a given number of propositions containing examples of the infinitive of purpose.]

(22) What are called the perfect infinitives—that is, the infinitives of the verb HAVE, completed by perfect participles-are used exactly as the simple infinitives, chiefly, we think, as objective modifications. The learner may here be required to write a number of propositions having their verbs modified by these compound infinitives.

(6) It has been well observed by Grant (p. 193, note 2), "That, with the exception of let, the to is seldom or never omitted after the perfect participle used passively; thus, 'We are bidden to rest,' 'He was heard to say,' 'He was seen to move.'"

(21) Illustrate by examples. (22) What is said of compound infinitives?]

EXAMPLES.John expected to have finished his task before this time. He intended to have called upon you before his departure. This man seems to have been wronged on that occasion, &c.

EXERCISE-Form a given number of propositions with verbs modified by compound infinitives, either active or passive.

§ 59. (1) There are some active verbs which, besides the objective modification, take after them another noun complementary of the action expressed by the verb. (2) Such are the verbs, to make, to name, to call, to appoint, to elect, to constitute, to choose, to create. (3) We have examples of this use in such expressions as, To make David king. They named HIM JOHN, They called HIM JOHN. The people ELECTED him PRESIDENT, &c. Here king, John, president, express what was made, named, called, in reference to the passive object. (4) This we may call the noun complementary of the active verb. (5) If we form a question, including, as before, the subject and verb, and in addition the objective modification or passive object, the answer to what will be the noun complementary; thus, what were they about to make David? Ans. King-the complementary noun. What did they call him? John-the complementary noun.

(6) This modification is, like the noun complementary of the neuter verb, more intimately combined with the verb, as regards meaning, than any other form of modification. If we speak of meaning (of the thing expressed), it is the action of the verb modified by this complementary noun, which passes over upon the passive object. If we speak exclusively of the words, the verb and complementary noun combined, are limited by the objective modification. In the example above, it is the action of calling John, or of electing president, that passes over on the party represented by him, not the bare actions of calling and electing; or, grammatically considered, the words calling John and electing president, are limited by him. In other words, calling John and electing president, may be regarded as compound expressions, indicating a single action, and the objective serves to limit this action.

$59. (1) Repeat what is said of some active verbs. (2) Enumerate some of the verbs which are susceptible of this modification. (3) Illustrate by examples. (4) What may we call this species of modification? (5) To what question does it answer? Example.

[(6) Repeat what is said of this modification with the substance of the illustrations and the examples.

(7) It is because of this intimate connection with the part of the predicate expressed in the verb, that we have ventured to style this modification, by way of distinction, The noun complementary; and yet this close connection is not indicated by the arrangement; since,

(8) The objective modification is placed between the complementary noun and the verb.

(9) The objective modification is thus embraced within the compound expression which it limits.

(10) When verbs with these two distinct modifications come to be used in the passive form, they still retain the complementary noun as a modification, whilst the objective modification becomes the subject of the proposition; as, He is called John, He is elected president.

(11) The verbs ask and teach, take two modifying nouns after them, in the same manner as the class of verbs just considered; but the complementary noun stands in a very different relation to the objective noun following these verbs. In the preceding construction, the complementary noun expresses what the passive object becomes through the action expressed by the verb. Thus, The people elected Washington President. Here president expresses what Washington became by the election of the people. But when we say, The master taught John grammar; He asked John a question; grammar and question do not express what John becomes. And hence, in languages which have an accusative form, and in which verbs of asking and teaching take two accusatives after them in the active voice, the noun expressive of what is asked or taught (unlike the noun complementary of the active verb in these languages) retains the accusative form, when the proposition is expressed passively. Thus, in the proposition, John was taught grammar, the word equivalent to grammar, in Latin, would be in the accusative form. (a)

(12) In some of the constructions, where two modifying nouns affect the same verb, there is a suppression of the infinitive TO BE.

(a) See Expos. Gram. Struct. Eng. Lang., pp. 212-5, note.

() Mention the reason of the name given to this modification.] (8) Where is it placed in reference to the verb and objective?

[(9) What is remarked in reference to the objective modification?

(10) What happens when verbs susceptible of this kind of modification come to be used in the passive form?

(11) Repeat the substance of what is said of the verbs ask and teach, giving illustration by examples.

(12) What is said of some of these constructions when two nouns modify the verb ?

(13) Thus, in the proposition, They thought him a knave, the words to be may be supplied, and then the construction will come under the class about to be mentioned, in which the verb is modified by an objective noun and a complementary infinitive.

(14) Infinitives are frequently employed as nouns complementary with active verbs. (15) This use of the infinitive ought to be carefully distinguished from the uses before considered, if we would give an exact and satisfactory analysis of the language. (16) If we form a question with the subject, the verb and the passive object, the answer to the words, To BE WHAT, or TO DO WHAT, will be the infinitive complementary of the active verb. Examples: They chose him to be their secretary. They chose him to be what? Ans. To be their secretary-infinitive complementary with its modifications. He entreated the people to disperse. He entreated the people to do what? Ans. To disperse-infinitive complementary. (b)

(17) Care must be taken to distinguish constructions of this kind, where two accusatives follow a verb from the construction next to be considered, in which a verb is modified by a dative and accusative noun or infinitive, and also from the accusative and infinitive used as a contracted accessory.

EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS.-He formed us men. The Romans called Cicero father of his country. The people elected Marius consul. The Senate declared Cincinnatus dictator. The Government appointed him envoy to France. "Men called him Mulciber.” "Crown her queen of all the year." "We made him our leader." The Company appointed him manager. "The king created Monk Duke of Albemarle.” His neighbors chose him delegate to represent (inf. of purpose) them in the convention. "God made a wind to pass over the earth.” "That made the earth to tremble." "Thou wilt make me to live." "The Lord shall make men go over dry-shod."

(b) Infinitives of purpose are often employed, together with an objective modification after active verbs. These may be distinguished from the other class of infinitives by supplying an answer not only to the question, To do what? but also to the question, For what purpose? Thus, They sent him to announce their coming. They sent him for what purpose? Ans. To announce their coming. The other infinitives will not answer appropriately to the question, For what purpose. This infinitive of purpose after an active verb, followed by an objective noun, may be considered as at once an infinitive complementary and an infinitive of purpose, or as an infinitive of purpose used to complete an active verb.

(18) Illustrate by an example.

(14) What remark is made in reference to infinitives? (15) Repeat the caution. (16) To what question do infinitives thus employed answer? Give examples and illustration. (17) Repeat the caution about distinguishing this from another construction.]

EXERCISES I., II., III., &c.-Form a given number of propositions with active verbs modified both by an objective and a noun, or infinitive complementary.

60. THE DATIVE MODIFICATION, OR PERSONAL OBJECT After the VerB.-(1) The dative modification consists of a noun or pronoun employed without an intermediary word to express the party to which (sometimes the party for which) the subject is represented in the proposition as performing the action expressed by the verb. (2) Example: The master gave JOHN a book. Here JOHN expresses the party to which the master performed the action of giving a book.

(3) Leaving words and referring to things, this modification is called by grammarians the personal object, as the objective modification is called the passive object. (By modern French grammarians it is called the indirect object, as the objective modification is called the direct object.) (4) These names apply not to the words, but to the things signified, and not always very appropriately to them, as we have had occasion to remark already in treating of the name passive object.

(5) This dative modification is not confined to active verbs; but the most striking (the best marked) examples of its use, are found in connection with this class of verbs. (6) The dative together with the objective modification most frequently follows the verbs allow, bring, buy, deny, gain, get, give, obtain, offer, pay, prepare, procure, promise, provide, refuse, sell, send, tell, yield. (7) Perhaps it follows some others, which, like these, indicate an action having reference to a personal object.

(8) Both nouns and pronouns (perhaps more frequently pronouns), are used to express this dative modification.

We give a few examples for analysis. In each proposition the verb is modified both by a noun in the accusative, and a noun in the dative.

(9) In the order of arrangement, the dative modification always precedes the objective modification.

$60. (1) Describe the dative modification. (2) Give example and illustration. [(8) By what names is this modificatlon sometimes called? (4) To what do these names apply?

(5) Is this modification eonfined to active verbs? Repeat the additional remark. (6) Enumerate the verbs most frequently followed by a dative and objective modification. (7) Repeat remark after No. 7. (8) Name the classes of words employed to express the dative modification.

(9) What is the order of arrangement of the dative and objective modification?