§ 51. NOUN ADJECTIVELY EMPLOYED. (1) We may here notice another way in which a noun without any change of form, or connecting word expressed, is employed to modify another noun. (2) It consists in attaching a modifying noun to a principal noun to limit or describe it. (3) We have examples in such combinations as, window shutters, a wine cellar, a gold watch, a gold pencil case, &c. (4) Here the words window, wine, gold, gold pencil, perform a function similar to that of descriptive adjectives. (5) Indeed the word gold, used as in the examples above, is commonly recognised as an adjective, as well as golden, which is formed from it, and always employed attributively. (6) But for considering the word gold as an adjective, we see no more reason than for considering the words window, wine, &c., as employed above, adjectives. (7) They all alike perform, as here used, the function of attributives or adjectives.

(8) We shall call this THE MODIFICATION BY A Noun adjec

TIVELY EMPLOYED.

(9) This species of construction is very prevalent in our language, and has given origin to a large class of our compound words. (10) We might enumerate some dozens of these compounds, formed from the single noun horse, used adjectively before other words; as, horseback, horsebean, horseblock, horseboat, horseboy, horsebreaker, &c., &c. (11) Some of these compounds are written as one word, some with a hyphen-mark (-) between the component parts: sometimes the two words are written separately. (12) The usage in regard to the manner of writing many words thus formed is not perfectly settled. (a)

(13) When the two nouns have completely coalesced into a single

(a) See Ex. Gram. Struct. Eng. Lang., p. 176.

$51. (1) Is the noun unchanged and without a connecting word employed in any other way, save apposition, to modify other nouns? (2) How? (8) Give examples. (4) What kind of function do the words window, wine, &c., perform in these examples? (5) What is said of the word gold? (6) What further remark about gold as an adjective? (7) What remark in reference to all these words?

(8) What name is given to this species of modification?

[(9) Repeat the remark in reference to this species of construction. (10) What is said of the number of compound words thus formed? (11) What is said of the spelling of these compounds? (12) Repeat remark in reference to the usage in this matter. (18) Repeat remark in reference to the mode of analysis, when this kind of compound occurs.]

word, it will be unnecessary in practical analysis to have recourse to our mode of naming the modifying noun. The compound may be treated as a single noun.

§ 52. INFINITIVE MODIFICATION OF THE NOUN. There is yet another species of modification sometimes applied to nouns which we may as well treat in this place. (1) It consists of the verbal noun, commonly called the Infinitive. (a) (2) This form of modification is placed after the principal word. (3) We have examples in such phrases as, A desire to learn. A propensity to find fault. The wish to excel. The desire to please. (4) He has a heart to pity, a hand to help. The infinitive here expresses a purpose a heart for the purpose of pitying, a hand for the purpose of helping. (5) An action to be condemned. Here there is perhaps an ellipsis of the word worthy, or some similar adjective. It is time to rise. An opportunity to enrich himself. (6) This kind of modification occurs less frequently than some others, and has received slight notice from grammarians. (7) We may call it the INFINITIVE MODIFICATION of the Noun. In the analysis of such a phrase as, A desire to learn, the scholar will simply say that the noun desire is modified by the infinitive to learn.

EXERCISE-Let the learner select a given number of examples from some book. Or, what is better, and in this case perhaps easier, let him form a given number of propositions containing appropriate examples of this species of modification.

§ 53. NOUN COMPLEMENTARY OF NEUTER VERBS. (1) We next direct attention to such modifications of verbs as consist of a noun in the same form as it is employed for subject noun, and without the aid of an intermediary word. (2) Nouns are thus employed,

(a) See Ex. Gram. Struct. Eng. Lang., p. 177.

§ 52. (1) Mention another species of modification applied to nouns. (2) Where is this modification placed in reference to the principal word? (8) Repeat the first four examples. (4) Repeat the next example and the observation. (5) Repeat remark on example, “an action to be condemned." (6) Repeat remark in reference to this kind of modification. (7) What name may be given to this form of modification?

§ 53. (1) To what is our attention next directed? (2) Repeat what is said in reference:

both in the singular and plural form, to modify, or, rather, to complete many neuter verbs-especially the verb to be. (3) We may call this species of modification the NOUN COMPLEMENTARY OF THE NEUTER VERB.(a)

EXAMPLES.-Knowledge is power. Wealth is power. "Thy word is truth." "Wisdom is a defence." "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom." "The love of money is the root of all evil." Demosthenes was an orator. The men were Athenians. "This man seems the leader of the whole party." He continued steward. "Hortensius died a martyr." "The gentle Sydney lived the shepherd's friend." He reigned absolute monarch. He stood candidate for that office. "There the pitcher stands a fragment." John becomes a man.

Let the learner analyze all the words printed in italics in the preceding examples, as a first exercise on the use of this modification. MODEL OF EXAMINATION.-EXAMPLE, Knowledge is power. Point out the subject of this proposition. Ans. Knowledge, for of this the assertion is made. Point out the predicate as it here stands assertively expressed. Ans. Is power, for this forms the assertion. Can you express the predicate alone freed from assertion? Ans. Yes, Being power; for this is what, in the proposition, is asserted of KNOWLEDGE. Point out the verb, name the class to which it belongs, and tell tense, number, and person. Ans. Is is the verb, because it makes the assertion; it belongs to the class of neuter verbs; and is in the indefinite tense, singular number, third person. What is the subject noun ? Ans. Knowledge. Is it modified? Ans. No. How is the verb modified? Ans. By the complementary noun POWER.

MODEL OF A WRITTEN EXERCISE.-Knowledge S. N. is V. n. indf. sing. 3 md. by power comp. N. To be read thus: knowledge is the subject noun: is the verb. It is of the neuter or intransitive class, indefinite tense, singular number, third person, and modified by the complementary noun power. EXERCISE.II. Write the above examples after this model.

EXERCISE III., IV., &c.-Let the learner endeavor to find, or to construct a given number of examples embracing one or more of the preceding forms of modification. This exercise may be repeated till the learner is familiar with the forms of construction already exhibited.

54. CASES OF NOUNS. (1) We might proceed to treat of

(a) See Structure of the Eng. Lang., p. 178, last note.

to the modification of neuter verbs. (3) What name may we give to this species of modi-, fication?

54. (1) Are there any other modifications of verbs consisting of nouns in the same form

several other modifications of the verb, or complements of the predicate, consisting of nouns which, in the present state of the language, are used for this purpose without any change of their form. (2) There is a class of words, however, recognised as nouns, namely, the pronouns, which assume a form distinct from the subject form, when they are employed in some of these modifications. (3) And in the language from which the English descends, as well as in many of the ancient and modern languages, a distinct form of the noun is generally employed for the purposes referred to. (4) Besides, these complements stand in a different relation to the subject of the proposition, from that in which the noun complementary of the neuter verb stands. (a) This distinction it may be useful to mark by treating these modifications as belonging to separate classes. (5) We therefore propose to suspend for the present the enumeration of the various species of modifications, in order to consider briefly the particular changes which the noun undergoes in our language, that it may serve certain functions as a modifying or completing word.

(6) These different forms of the noun are known in grammar by the name of CASES OF THE NOUN. (7) The form used as subject noun the real noun, without addition or modification (save that of plurality), is generally counted (perhaps not with strict propriety) one of the cases. (8) The subject form, with which the learner may now be supposed to be familiar, is distinguished by the name of the NOMINATIVE CASE. The singular form of the noun is called the nominative case singular, the plural form the nominative case plural. (9) If we consider that only a distinct case which is marked by a distinct form, we have but one other

(a) See Structure of Lang., p. 180, note.

employed as subject noun? (2) What is remarked of the pronouns? (3) What is remarked of the language from which the English is descended, and of other languages? (4) What is said of some of the complements of the predicate, formed by nouns, and yet to be considered? (5) What is now proposed ?

(6) By what name are these different forms of the noun distinguished? (7) What is said of the form used as subject noun? (8) What case name is given to the subject form! (9) What is said of the number of cases marked by a distinct form in English? (10) What

case, besides the nominative, of any of our nouns, with the exception of the class called pronouns. (10) This single case form is called the genitive case by all the old grammarians. (11) Our English grammarians have very generally called it the possessive case, because the genitive most commonly denotes possession. (12) Thus, The merchant's store. Here the genitive form merchant's indicates that the merchant possesses what is denoted by the modified noun-store.

FORMATION OF THE GENITIVE CASE.-(13) The genitive case is formed in the written language by adding to the noun an s, preceded by an apostrophe; as man, genitive man's.

(14) The observations regarding the manner in which the s of the plural form is pronounced apply with equal force to the s of the genitive case. (15) If the final letter of the noun to which the s is added is a sharp mute, the s must necessarily be pronounced with its proper sharp sound; as, a SHIP's company, a HAWK's flight, a CAT's paw, &c. (16) If, on the contrary, the noun ends in a flat mute, a liquid, or a vowel, the s of the genitive is sounded like z; as, A STAG's horns, a MAN's head, a HERO's courage.

(17) When the plural form of a noun does not end in S, the genitive case plural is formed in the same manner as the genitive case singular, by adding in the written language s, preceded by an apostrophe to the plural form; as, men, genitive men's, brethren, genitive brethren's, &c. (18) But when the plural ends, as it generally does, in s, another s could not be added with. out giving an additional syllable to the word in pronunciation. (19) This is never done for the purpose of forming a plural genitive. (20) When the plural subject noun (or nominative case,

is the only case of nouns (excepting pronouns) answering to this description called? (11) What name has generally been given to it by English grammarians? State the reason. (12) Repeat example and illustration.

(18) How is the genitive case formed in the written language?

[(14) What observations apply to the pronunciation of this 8 of the genitive? (15) When the final letter of the noun is a sharp mute, how must the 8 be sounded? (16) How when the final letter is a flat mute?]

(17) How is the genitive plural formed, when the plural subject form does not end in s (18) What would be the effect of adding an 's when the subject form ends in 8 (19) Is this ever in fact done to form a plural genitive? (20) What is the genitive plural form in