an inflected form, distinct from that employed as subject noun; And, 3d. Accompanied by a word which serves as an intermediate to the complementary noun and the word which it completes, and forms an essential part of the complement. (7) Each of these classes of complements formed by nouns we shall treat separately. (8) And, first, the modifications effected by the employment of the noun in the same forms-singular and plural -as when it serves as subject noun of a proposition.

(9) REMARK. For convenience sake we may call the noun modified the

PRINCIPAL NOUN.

§ 50. (1) THE NOUN IN APPOSITION MODIFICATION OR COMPLEMENT. (2) This form of modification is restricted to nouns, or to words or phrases taken substantively. It is never applied to verbs. (3) It consists of another noun apposed—that is, placed to or by the principal noun. (4) The noun in apposition usually expresses some attribute, something descriptive, or some appellation of that which is signified by the principal noun. (5) It is the addition of another name applicable to the object designated by the principal noun, generally for the purpose of rendering the expression more clear and definite, but sometimes merely for the purpose of ornament or of emphasis. Example: (6) William, the FARMER, is an honest man. Here the noun farmer is apposed, or placed by the noun William, to render the subject of the assertion more clear and definite. (7) This apposition indicates that the subject of our assertion, in the present instance, is not any man whatever called William, but the particular person to whom both the name William and the name farmer are applicable-the man known to the person whom we address as, The farmer.

modifying words. (7) How is it proposed to treat these several forms of modification? (8) Which special division is considered first?

(9) How do we name the modified noun?

$50. (1) What name is given to the modification first treated? (2) To what class of words is this modification restricted? (8) Of what does it consist? (4) What does it express? (5) State the additional explanation. (6) Give example, and point out the apposi tion. (7) What does the apposition complement in this case indicate?

(8) The noun in apposition is most generally, though not always, placed after the noun which it modifies. In such expressions as My brother William, General Washington, &c., the nouns brother and general are the modifying nouns, and precede the nouns with which they stand in apposition.

(9) In languages which have case terminations, the noun in apposition must be in the same case with the principal noun. (10) In English it does not always take the case termination of the principal noun, as will be seen hereafter.

(11) A noun in apposition is sometimes employed to modify a proposition (or perhaps rather in many cases, to represent a proposition); and, on the other hand, a proposition is sometimes placed in apposition with a noun to modify or explain it. (12) Example of a noun in apposition with a proposition: To BE GOOD IS TO BE HAPPY-TRUTH never to be forgotten by those commencing the journey of life. (13) In this (as indeed in every instance of apposition, and perhaps in the use of every form of modification or complement employed with a noun), there is a suppressed predication, a tacit assumption of the assertion, that to be good is to be happy, is a truth never to be forgotten, &c. (14) Example of a proposition used as an apposition modification: The APOLOGY, often pleaded by the slaves of vicious habits, THAT THEIR VICES INJURE NONE BUT THEMSELVES, is generally inconsistent with truth, and even if strictly consistent with truth in some cases, is no adequate justification of their conduct. Here the proposition, "Their vices injure none but themselves," is placed in apposition with the noun, "apology," and serves to explain it.

(15) It is unnecessary to observe that infinitives (alone, or with their accompanying modifications or complements) are often used as apposition modifications, since we consider infinitives as a peculiar class of nouns.

(16) A noun is often repeated (with, or without accompanying modification), for the purpose of emphasis, and thus placed in a sort of apposition with itself. (17) This occurs chiefly, though not exclusively, when the noun is used in the vocative or case of address. (18) For example: "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, which killest the prophets," &c. "My people have

(8) Where is the noun in apposition placed?

[(9) What is said of the noun in apposition in languages which have caso terminations? (10) In English does it always take the case termination of the principal noun ?

(11) Mention a purpose for which a noun in apposition is sometimes employed. (12) Give the example. (13) Repeat the remark. (14) Give an example of a proposition used as an apposition modification; and point out the words in apposition.

(15) Repeat the remark in reference to infinitives.

(16) What is said of the repetition of a noun? (17) When does this chiefly occur? (18) Repeat the example.

hewed out cisterns, broken cisterns," &c. (19) We should in practical analysis rather call this EMPHATIC REPETITION.

(20) "A plural term is sometimes used in apposition after two or more substantives singular, to combine and give them emphasis; as, Time, labor, money, all were lost.'"

(21) Distributive words are sometimes put in apposition with a plural substantive; as, "They went each of them on his way." In the construction of a sentence, the distributive word is sometimes omitted. Of this character are such expressions as the following: "They stood in each other's way-that is, they stood each in the other's way." (a)

(22) An adjective used substantively (that is, with its noun suppressed), is often employed as an apposition modification of a noun; as, Charles the Bold, Alexander the Great, William the Third. In these phrases, there is (perhaps) a suppression of the name after the adjective, as Charles the Bold, for Charles, the bold Charles; or of the title of the person, Duke, in the first example, Conqueror, in the second, and king of that name in the third. The determinative, or article, we suppose, may, in such cases, be regarded as indicating a suppressed noun. If not, this must be considered a peculiar use of the adjectiv; perhaps, an imitation of the French idiom.

(23) In written exercises, the noun in apposition modification may be represented by the following contraction: Ap. modn., or Ap. com. In our examples, and in the exercises, we use some of the determinative words, as a, the, this, that, &c., which have not been yet explained. In analysis, the learner may pass over these for the present.

MODEL OF A WRITTEN EXERCISE.-Cicero, the orator, flourished, &c. Cicero, S. N. mod'd by orator, N. Ap. Read thus-Cicero is the subject noun of the proposition, and is modified by orator, a noun in apposition. The noun Cicero, thus modified, is the complete subject.

(a) Bullions' Eng. Gram. §§ 671-3. In some cases, where a noun in apposition would seem to be the most natural modification, we employ a noun with the preposition of; as, The City of Rome, the month of June; not, The City Rome, the month June, as in Latin and German. This usage is confined chiefly to names of towns, countries, and months. The French and some other modern languages agree nearly with ours in this matter.

(19) What would we call this in analysis?

(20) Repeat the remark in reference to the use of a plural term in apposition, and give the example.

(21) What remark is made in reference to distributive words put in apposition?

(22) What is said of an apposition modification formed by an adjective used substan tively? Illustrate by examples.]

(28) By what contractions may the noun in apposition modification or complement be represented in written exercises?

Let the learner point out, or, in a written exercise, underline, the apposition complements, in the following examples:

"The gentle Spenser, fancy's pleasing son."

"Let Newton, pure intelligence, whom God
To mortals lent," &c.

"Raleigh, the scourge of Spain."

"Nor can the muse the gallant Sydney pass,
The plume of war!"

"His friend, the British Cassius, fearless bled."

"Nature! great Parent! whose unceasing hand."
"Scipio, the gentle chief."

"Where art thou, Hammond! thou, the darling pride,
The friend, the lover of the tuneful throng!"

The watery deep, an object strange and new,
Before me rose."

"Emblem of peace, the dove before thee flies."

"A stranger to superior strength,

Man vainly trusts his own."

"Thou Sun, of this great world both eye and soul."

EXERCISE I.-Let the learner find ten or more examples of nouns placed in apposition. The exercise may be repeated, till this construction becomes familiar.

EXERCISE II., III., &c.-Form a given number of propositions, having subjects modified by a noun in apposition modification.

Let the verbs in these and the following exercises be selected from the list of verbs of the ancient conjugation. When the pupil is once sufficiently familiar with these verbs, and especially with those in which he might be most subject to commit blunders, let him be required to use verbs of the modern conjugation regularly inflected. In one exercise, let it be required that all the verbs shall be in a certain tense simple or compound; in the next, in a different tense, that the learner may become perfectly acquainted with all the forms of the verb. Perseverance in these exercises will secure a thorough knowledge of grammar; serve as an introduction to English composition, which consists of propositions properly arranged

to express thought; and call the pupil's powers of invention into full action.

(24) The learner must be careful not to confound this apposition complement with the peculiar species of complement of the predicate which we are soon to consider. (25) For this purpose, let him remember, first, that the word in apposition is always employed to modify a noun (including the few instances in which a proposition considered substantively is thus modified), never a verb. Second, that the modified noun, and the noun in apposition, are always in the same member; that is, both in the subject, or both in the predicate of the proposition. (26) In such examples as "John fell a victim to his ungovernable passions," "Hortensius died a martyr," the construction is entirely different from that which we have been considering. (27) The words victim and martyr are not in apposi tion with John and Hortensius, but manifestly make up a part of what is asserted of them respectively. (28) What is asserted of John, is falling a victim to his passions, and of Hortensius, dying a martyr—a very different construction (conveying a different meaning) from Hortensius, the martyr, died. (29) In the following passage, we have an example of each of these distinct species of construction: "My wife, sweet soother of my cares, fell * * * * * a victim to despair." Here soother, with its modifications, is placed in apposition with wife, the subject noun, but victim is a complement of the predicate a part of what is asserted of his wife, the sweet soother of his cares.

MODEL ANALYSIS-NOUN IN APPOSITION.-EXAMPLE: John, the carpenter, fell, &c. John is modified by the noun CARPENTER placed in apposition. Till the learner thoroughly understands this construction, the question should be put, whenever a noun in apposition occurs, What do you mean by a noun in apposition? The answer to this is, It is a noun expressing an attribute or an appellation (some other name) placed by another noun, generally, in order to denote more definitely the object represented by the principal noun, sometimes, merely for the purpose of ornament or emphasis.

(30) A noun in apposition, when it follows the principal noun, is sepa rated from it, and from the rest of the proposition, by commas. (Sec Appendix on Punctuation.)

[(24) What warning is given to the learner? (25) What two facts is he here onjoined to remember? (26) Give examples of a construction sometimes confounded with apposition. (27) What is said in reference to the words victim and martyr in these examples? (23) What is asserted of John and Hortensius respectively in the examples? (29) Give an example containing both forms of construction, point out these separate forms, and tell how they are distinguished.]

(30) What is said of the punctuation or interpunction?